MorphologyMorphologyМорфология1026-35432949-2556Eco-Vector11083310.17816/morph.110833ReviewsНаучные обзорыReview ArticleComparative characteristics of human stem cellsСравнительная характеристика стволовых клеток человекаhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6799-76212099-0128PototskaOlha Yu.ПотоцкаяОльга Юрьевна
Ukraine
pototskaya.o.yu@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6788-4013ShevchenkoEkaterina N.ШевченкоЕкатерина Николаевна
Ukraine
temiz_kiz@mail.ruDnipro State Medical UniversityДнепровский государственный медицинский университет1609202215092021159375970709202208092022Copyright ©; 2021, Eco-VectorCopyright ©; 2021, Эко-Вектор2021Eco-VectorЭко-Векторhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0https://j-morphology.com/1026-3543/article/view/110833

Stem cell (SC) therapy is one of the most promising methods of clinical medicine. Although most stem cell-containing products are still being investigated in clinical trials, some of them are already approved for treatment in many countries. Therefore, modern medicine providing basic understanding of SC subtypes, their properties and potential risks should be incorporated in educational programs of medical universities.

The aim of this review is to compare SC types, methods of their procurement, and perspectives of their use.

Stem cells can be grouped according to the age of the donor organism. Embryonic SCs are those isolated from blastocysts, obtained from extracorporeal fertilization, cloning, semi-cloning or parthenogenesis (androgenetic and gynogenetic SCs). Fetal SCs are those isolated from embryonic and fetal tissues before birth or from miscarriage and abortion material (including ectopic pregnancies). Fetal SCs include a special group of perinatal extraembryonic SCs, which are obtained from extraembryonic organs (umbilical cord, amnion, placenta) after birth; among them hematopoietic, mesenchymal, epithelial and decidual cells are distinguished. Adult SCs (somatic or tissue specific) are isolated from different tissues and organs of adult organisms throughout their life. Their properties depend on their location and age of the donor. Additionally, induced pluripotent SCs are created artificially from mature cells by modification of gene expression. Every group of SCs is heterogenous and has its advantages and drawbacks analyzed in this review. Also considered in this review is the application of exosomes produced by stem cells as an alternative to cellular therapy.

Терапия стволовыми клетками (СК) является одним из наиболее перспективных методов в практической медицине. Продукты на основе СК активно изучаются в клинических испытаниях, а некоторые из них уже официально разрешены к применению во многих странах мира. Столь быстро развивающееся направление современной медицины должно быть адекватно отражено в образовательных программах медицинских вузов для формирования базовых представлений о свойствах СК, их возможностях и потенциальных рисках.

Цель данной статьи состоит в сравнительном анализе разновидностей СК человека, способов их получения и перспектив использования.

СК можно разделить на основные группы в зависимости от срока развития организма-донора. Эмбриональные СК выделяют из бластоцисты, полученной в результате экстракорпорального оплодотворения, клонирования, полуклонирования или партеногенеза (гиногенетические и андрогенетические СК). Фетальные СК могут быть выделены из тканей зародыша и плода до момента рождения или в результате процедур по прерыванию беременности (в том числе эктопической). В составе фетальных СК выделяют перинатальные экстраэмбриональные, которые получают из внезародышевых органов (пуповины, амниона, плаценты) после родов; среди них различают гемопоэтические, мезенхимальные, эпителиальные и децидуальные. Зрелые (соматические, тканеспецифические) СК могут быть выделены из различных тканей и органов зрелого организма на протяжении всей жизни. Их свойства зависят от места локализации, а также возраста пациента. Дополнительно СК могут быть созданы искусственным путём из дифференцированных клеток за счёт модификации генной экспрессии; они выделены в группу индуцированных плюрипотентных СК. Каждая группа СК является неоднородной, а также обладает рядом преимуществ и недостатков, которые проанализированы в данном обзоре. Также уделено внимание перспективному направлению в использовании экстрацеллюлярных везикул СК в качестве альтернативы клеточной терапии.

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