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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Morphology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Morphology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Морфология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1026-3543</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2949-2556</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">398901</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/morph.398901</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">ISOMETRIC RETRACTION AND THE INVISIBLE PROCESSES OF NERVE CELLS</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>ИЗОМЕТРИЧЕСКАЯ РЕТРАКЦИЯ И ОТРОСТКИ-НЕВИДИМКИ НЕРВНЫХ КЛЕТОК</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sotnikov</surname><given-names>O. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сотников</surname><given-names>Олег Семенович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Laboratory of Neuron Functional Morphology and Physiology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>лаборатория функциональной морфологии и физиологии нейрона</p></bio><email>ossotnikov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vasyagina</surname><given-names>N. Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Васягина</surname><given-names>Надежда Юрьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Laboratory of Neuron Functional Morphology and Physiology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>лаборатория функциональной морфологии и физиологии нейрона</p></bio><email>vasy-nadezhda@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Krasnova</surname><given-names>T. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Краснова</surname><given-names>Татьяна Викторовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Laboratory of Neuron Functional Morphology and Physiology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>лаборатория функциональной морфологии и физиологии нейрона</p></bio><email>kratka27@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">I. P.Pavlov Institute of Physiology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт физиологии им. И. П. Павлова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2015-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>148</volume><issue>6</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 148, NO6 (2015)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 148, №6 (2015)</issue-title><fpage>9</fpage><lpage>17</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-05-09"><day>09</day><month>05</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2015, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2015, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://j-morphology.com/1026-3543/article/view/398901">https://j-morphology.com/1026-3543/article/view/398901</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Recently, a large number of physiological studies on stress and hibernation had described an unusual morphological phenomenon of the rapid disappearance and reapperance of apical dendrites of pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and other parts of the brain. In this article an attempt is maid to explain this phenomenon on the basis of morphological analysis of natural elastic properties of neuroplasm and structural kinetics of partially preserved processes of the living isolated neurons. The neuroplasm displacement with its bidirectional flow was identified in the processes. A new physiological phenomenon is described - the isometric retraction of nerve cell processes, during which the neuroplasm fluxes were directed to the opposite sides, leading to abrupt thinning of middle parts of the processes and to a thickening of both ends. It is suggested that the extremely attenuated processes can reach the submicroscopic sizes, becoming invisible in the light microscope. The repeated reversible «disappearance» and «appearance» of the processes was demonstrated supravitally in the culture of neurons and of C-1300 neuroblastoma cells. Reduction of the diameter of the processes to a limit of their visibility was demonstrated by the example of their natural stretching. The same effect was observed in the areas between the reversible varicosities of the processes. These areas became extremely thin, and then invisible. Becoming thinner, the processes were capable of sharp extension. A review of the available literature and our own data allow to conclude that the phenomenon of the disappearance of the apical dendrites was due to their isometric retraction, which lead to the emergence of «invisible processes»</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В последнее время в большом количестве физиологических исследований, посвященных стрессу и гибернации, отмечен необычный морфологический феномен быстрого исчезновения и восстановления апикальных дендритов пирамидных нейронов гиппокампа, префронтальной коры и других отделов мозга. В статье сделана попытка объяснить это явление, базируясь на морфологическом анализе естественных эластических свойств нейроплазмы и кинетике структуры частично сохраненных отростков живых изолированных нейронов. Установлено движение нейроплазмы в отростках при её бидирекциональном токе. Описано новое физиологическое явление - изометрическая ретракция отростков нервных клеток, при которой токи нейроплазмы направлены в противоположные стороны, что приводит к резкому истончению их средних отделов и утолщению обоих концов. Высказано представление о том, что предельно истонченные отростки могут достигать субмикроскопических размеров, при которых они становятся невидимыми под световым микроскопом. Повторное обратимое «исчезновение» и «появление» отростков продемонстрировано прижизненно в культуре нейронов и клеток нейробластомы С-1300. Уменьшение диаметра отростков до предела их видимости показано на примере естественного растяжения последних. Этот же эффект отмечен в участках между обратимыми варикозностями отростков. Такие участки становятся предельно тонкими, а затем невидимыми. Истончаясь, отростки способны резко удлиняться. Обзор имеющейся литературы и собственные данные позволяют высказать положение о том, что феномен исчезновения апикальных дендритов объясняется их изометрической ретракцией, которая приводит к появлению «отростков-невидимок».</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>neurons</kwd><kwd>nerve cell processes</kwd><kwd>mechanical properties</kwd><kwd>mechanism of thinning</kwd><kwd>neuroplasm retraction</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>нейроны</kwd><kwd>отростки нервных клеток</kwd><kwd>механические свойства</kwd><kwd>механизм истончения</kwd><kwd>ретракция нейроплазмы</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Гуляева Н. В. 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