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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Morphology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Morphology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Морфология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1026-3543</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2949-2556</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">399406</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/morph.399406</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">HIERARCHY OF SPIRAL ORGANIZATION OF SKELETAL STRUCTURES. INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>ИЕРАРХИЯ СПИРАЛЬНОЙ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ СТРУКТУР СКЕЛЕТА. ВЗАИМОСВЯЗЬ СТРОЕНИЯ И ФУНКЦИИ</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Avrunin</surname><given-names>A S</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Аврунин</surname><given-names>А С</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Российский научно-исследовательский институт травматологии и ортопедии им. Р.Р. Вредена</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tikhilov</surname><given-names>R M</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тихилов</surname><given-names>Р М</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Российский научно-исследовательский институт травматологии и ортопедии им. Р.Р. Вредена</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shubnyakov</surname><given-names>I I</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шубняков</surname><given-names>И И</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Российский научно-исследовательский институт травматологии и ортопедии им. Р.Р. Вредена</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Parshin</surname><given-names>L A</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Паршин</surname><given-names>Л А</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Санкт-Петербургский государственный политехнический университет</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mel'nikov</surname><given-names>B E</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мельников</surname><given-names>Б Е</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Санкт-Петербургский государственный политехнический университет</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pliev</surname><given-names>D G</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Плиев</surname><given-names>Д Г</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Российский научно-исследовательский институт травматологии и ортопедии им. Р.Р. Вредена</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Avrunin</surname><given-names>A S</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tykhilov</surname><given-names>R M</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Shubniakov</surname><given-names>I I</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Parshin</surname><given-names>L A</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Melnikov</surname><given-names>B Ye</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pliev</surname><given-names>D G</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en"></institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научно-исследовательский институт травматологии и ортопедии им. Р.Р. Вредена</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en"></institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный политехнический университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff id="aff3"><institution></institution></aff><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2010-12-16" publication-format="electronic"><day>16</day><month>12</month><year>2010</year></pub-date><volume>138</volume><issue>6</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">NO6 (2010)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">№6 (2010)</issue-title><fpage>69</fpage><lpage>75</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-05-09"><day>09</day><month>05</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2010, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2010, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2010</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://j-morphology.com/1026-3543/article/view/399406">https://j-morphology.com/1026-3543/article/view/399406</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The objective of this review is to discuss the interrelationship between hierarchy of spiral organization of the structural elements of the skeleton and its mechanical characteristics with regard to functional-biological expediency. The following hierarchic levels of spiral organization of skeletal structures are defined: collagen chains, collagen molecules, microfibrils, fibrils, collagen fibers, osteon network and organization of osseous macrostructure responsible for torsion effect in weight bearing. This spiral organization creates the conditions, under which the directions of domineering forces in the bone usually do not coincide with the direction of the longitudinal crystallite axes. It causes shifting deformity between the adjacent crystallites, which should be taken into account alongside with distractioncompression deformity. These features form the basis of nanolevel mechanism responsible for mechanical characteristics of bone tissue.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В обзоре литературы рассмотрена с позиций функционально-биологической целесообразности взаимосвязь между иерархией спиральной организации структурных элементов скелета и его механическими свойствами. Выделены следующие иерархические уровни спиральной организации структур скелета: коллагеновые цепи, коллагеновые молекулы, микрофибриллы, фибриллы, коллагеновые волокна, сеть остеонов и организация макроструктуры костей, обеспечивающая скручивающий эффект при нагрузке. Эта спиральная организация создает условия, при которых направления господствующих сил в кости обычно не совпадают с направлением продольных осей кристаллитов. В результате возникает деформация, обусловленная сдвигом между соседними кристаллитами, которую надлежит учитывать наряду с деформацией растяжения-сжатия. Эти особенности лежат в основе наноуровневого механизма, обеспечивающего механические свойства костной ткани.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>skeleton</kwd><kwd>bone</kwd><kwd>osseous tissue</kwd><kwd>spiral organization</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>скелет</kwd><kwd>кость</kwd><kwd>костная ткань</kwd><kwd>спиральная организация</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Аврунин А.С., Корнилов Н.В. и Суханов А.В. Позиционные регуляторы костной ткани - основа ауторегуляторного механизма развития и воспроизведения остеопороза. Морфология, 1998, т. 113, вып. 4, с. 7-12.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Аврунин А.С., Корнилов Н.В., Суханов А.В. и Емельянов В.Г. Формирование остеопоротических сдвигов в структуре костной ткани. 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