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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Morphology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Morphology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Морфология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1026-3543</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2949-2556</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">629276</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/morph.629276</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Study Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Influence of sex and degree of prematurity on the heart structure in the late postnatal period of ontogenesis</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Влияние пола и степени недоношенности на строение сердца в отдалённом постнатальном периоде онтогенеза</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2530-1112</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9476-3329</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivanova</surname><given-names>Vera V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иванова</surname><given-names>Вера Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><email>ivvera92@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2924-0724</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3572-7818</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Serebryakova</surname><given-names>Оlga N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Серебрякова</surname><given-names>Ольга Николаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>oserebryakovan@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3109-1349</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4424-1500</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Erokhina</surname><given-names>Alexandra V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ерохина</surname><given-names>Александра Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>shura.erokhina.23@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7297-5033</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3514-7576</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikonova</surname><given-names>Anastasia D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Никонова</surname><given-names>Анастасия Денисовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>nastya71103@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9764-4392</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4919-2033</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Milto</surname><given-names>Ivan V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мильто</surname><given-names>Иван Васильевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biology), Assistant Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>milto_bio@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Siberian State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Сибирский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Seversk Biophysical Research Centre</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Северский биофизический научный центр</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2024-05-31" publication-format="electronic"><day>31</day><month>05</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-10-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>10</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>161</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>15</fpage><lpage>22</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-03-20"><day>20</day><month>03</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-04-23"><day>23</day><month>04</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2026-10-15"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://j-morphology.com/1026-3543/article/view/629276">https://j-morphology.com/1026-3543/article/view/629276</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold>People born prematurely have an increased risk of early heart disease. However, to date, based on the results of clinical studies, drawing a clear conclusion about the influence of sex and degree of prematurity on the structure of the heart of people born prematurely is impossible. Experimental studies aimed at identifying the structural features of the myocardium of preterm animals depending on the sex and degree of prematurity are relevant.</p> <p><bold>AIM:</bold><italic> </italic>To present the morphological characteristics of the left ventricle of preterm rats on days 42–180 of the postnatal period of ontogenesis, taking into account sex and degree of prematurity.</p> <p><bold>MATERIALS AND METHODS:</bold><italic> </italic>The study was conducted on full-term, 12- and 24-h preterm male and female Wistar rats. Each group included 24 animals, including 12 males and 12 females. To obtain premature rat offspring, preterm birth was induced by antiprogestin mifepristone (10 mg/kg) injection. Histological and immunohistochemical studies of the left ventricle of premature male and female rats were performed on days 42, 56, and 180 of the postnatal period of ontogenesis. The following parameters were determined in the left ventricular wall: wall thickness, diameter and relative volume of the cardiomyocytes, and number of caspase 3-positive cardiomyocytes in 1 mm2 of the myocardium.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold><italic> </italic>The left ventricular wall of preterm and full-term animals on days 42–180 of the postnatal period of ontogenesis has a fundamentally similar structure. However, preterm birth, regardless of sex, leads to a decrease in the relative volume of left ventricular cardiomyocytes. On day 56 of the postnatal period of ontogenesis, the number of caspase 3-positive cardiomyocytes increased only in male rats with a greater degree of prematurity.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>Preterm birth influenced the relative volume of the cardiomyocytes and number of caspase 3-positive cardiomyocytes of the left ventricle; however, the influence of sex and degree of prematurity on these parameters is unclear. An earlier increase in the number of caspase 3-positive cardiomyocytes in the left ventricle of rats born 24 h preterm indicates the different adaptive potential of the myocardium of animals with different degrees of prematurity. The results of the study suggest a cardioprotective effect of female sex steroids in premature animals.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование. </bold>У преждевременно рождённых людей повышен риск раннего развития заболеваний сердца. Однако на сегодняшний день по результатам клинических исследований невозможно сделать однозначный вывод о влиянии пола и степени недоношенности на структуру сердца людей, рождённых преждевременно. Актуальными являются экспериментальные исследования, направленные на выявление структурных особенностей миокарда преждевременно рождённых животных в зависимости от пола и степени недоношенности.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования </bold>— дать характеристику структуры левого желудочка сердца преждевременно рождённых крыс на 42–180-е сутки постнатального периода онтогенеза с учётом пола и степени недоношенности.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> Исследование проведено на доношенных, а также недоношенных на 12 и 24 ч самцах и самках крыс линии Вистар. Каждая группа включала по 24 животных, в числе которых 12 самцов и 12 самок. Для получения недоношенного потомства у крыс индуцировали преждевременные роды инъекцией антипрогестина мифепристона (10 мг/кг). Проведено гистологическое и иммуногистохимическое исследование левого желудочка сердца преждевременно рождённых самцов и самок крыс на 42, 56 и 180-е сутки постнатального периода онтогенеза. В стенке левого желудочка определяли следующие параметры: толщину стенки, диаметр и удельный объём кардиомиоцитов, а также количество каспаза-3-позитивных кардиомиоцитов в 1 мм<sup>2</sup> миокарда.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Стенка левого желудочка сердца преждевременно рождённых и доношенных животных на 42– 180-е сутки постнатального периода онтогенеза имеет принципиально схожее строение. Однако преждевременное рождение независимо от пола животных приводит к снижению удельного объёма кардиомиоцитов левого желудочка. Увеличение количества каспаза-3-позитивных кардиомиоцитов на 56-е сутки постнатального периода онтогенеза установлено только у самцов крыс при большей степени недоношенности.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Продемонстрированы эффекты преждевременного рождения на удельный объём кардиомиоцитов и количество каспаза-3-позитивных кардиомиоцитов левого желудочка, однако влияние пола и степени недоношенности на эти параметры неоднозначно. Более раннее увеличение количества каспаза-3-позитивных кардиомиоцитов в левом желудочке крыс, рождённых на 24 ч ранее срока, свидетельствует о различном компенсаторно-адаптационном потенциале миокарда животных при разной степени недоношенности. Результаты исследования позволяют предположить кардиопротективное влияние женских половых стероидов у преждевременно рождённых животных.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>preterm birth</kwd><kwd>heart</kwd><kwd>apoptosis</kwd><kwd>animal experimentation</kwd><kwd>rats</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>преждевременное рождение</kwd><kwd>сердце</kwd><kwd>апоптоз</kwd><kwd>эксперимент</kwd><kwd>крысы</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>24-25-00015</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Iskakov Ye B. Epidemiology of cardiovascular diseases. 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