MorphologyMorphologyМорфология1026-35432949-2556Eco-Vector62934010.17816/morph.629340ReviewsНаучные обзорыReview ArticleMorphofunctional characteristics of the оs penis of mammalsМорфофункциональная характеристика os penis млекопитающихhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9299-05716952-0466ShevlyukNikolay N.ШевлюкНиколай Николаевич
Russian Federation

Dr. Sci. (Biology), Professor

д-р биол. наук, профессор

k_histology@orgma.ruOrenburg State Medical UniversityОренбургский государственный медицинский университет2105202415102023161487942203202426042024Copyright ©; 2023, Eco-VectorCopyright ©; 2023, Эко-ВекторCopyright ©; 2023,2023Eco-VectorЭко-Векторhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/https://j-morphology.com/1026-3543/article/view/629340

The study analyzed the morphofunctional organization of the mammalian baculum (os penis). In many mammals, bone tissue caused the penis to harden, which forms the bone of the penis (os penis or baculum). This structure appeared later in evolution than others, and it is present only in representatives of the most evolutionarily young class of vertebrates, i.e., mammals. The baculum is present in the penis of marsupials and placental mammals (rodents, some bats, pinnipeds, cetaceans, individual predators, semi-monkeys, and some monkeys).

The bone tissue is usually located in the anterior region of the penis between the cavernous and spongy bodies. The baculum is an unpaired bone. On the cross-section of representatives of different species, the baculum can be rounded, square, triangular, or flat. Most often, the baculum is a cylindrical rod, expanded in the proximal and distal parts, and it has outgrowths of various shapes. Histogenesis of the bone tissue during os penis formation in embryogenesis occurs by indirect osteogenesis. In the area of the future os penis, a cartilaginous model is formed from the mesenchyme, in place of which the bone tissue then develops. The base of the baculum is formed by lamellar bone tissue, in which osteones are well expressed. Coarse fibrous (reticulofibrous) bone tissue and fibrous cartilage tissue are found on the surface of the baculum. The baculum was found to increase the overall hardness of the penis when bending during copulation.

Проанализирована морфофункциональная организация бакулюма (os penis) млекопитающих — костной ткани, которая образует кость полового члена и придаёт ему твёрдость. Эта структура в эволюции появилась позже других, она имеется только у большинства представителей самого эволюционно молодого класса позвоночных — млекопитающих. Бакулюм формируется в половом члене как у сумчатых, так и у представителей отрядов плацентарных млекопитающих (многих грызунов, некоторых рукокрылых, ластоногих, китообразных, отдельных хищников, полуобезьян и некоторых обезьян).

Костная ткань обычно располагается в передней области полового члена между кавернозным и губчатым телами. Бакулюм представляет собой непарную кость. На поперечном срезе у представителей разных видов она может быть округлой, квадратной, треугольной либо плоской. Чаще всего бакулюм представляет собой стержень цилиндрической формы, расширенный в проксимальной и дистальной частях, на нём имеются выросты различной формы. Костная ткань обычно располагается в передней области полового члена между пещеристых и губчатого тела. Гистогенез костной ткани при формировании os penis в эмбриогенезе осуществляется путём непрямого остеогенеза. В области будущей os penis из мезенхимы происходит формирование хрящевой модели. В дальнейшем основу бакулюма образует пластинчатая костная ткань, в которой хорошо выражены остеоны. В поверхностных зонах бакулюма выявлена грубоволокнистая (ретикулофиброзная) костная ткань, а также волокнистая хрящевая ткань.

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