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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Morphology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Morphology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Морфология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1026-3543</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2949-2556</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">630150</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/morph.630150</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Study Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Mast cells of atrophic scar on exposure to inorganic gels and vascular endothelial growth factor in experiments</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Тучные клетки атрофического рубца при воздействии неорганических гелей и VEGF в эксперименте</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>实验中暴露于无机凝胶和血管内皮生长因子的萎缩性瘢痕的肥大细胞</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9453-4262</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2161-4838</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikonorova</surname><given-names>Varvara G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Никонорова</surname><given-names>Варвара Геннадьевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Nikonorova</surname><given-names>Varvara G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>bgnikon@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7232-6419</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1898-3355</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gaivoronsky</surname><given-names>Ivan V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гайворонский</surname><given-names>Иван Васильевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Gaivoronsky</surname><given-names>Ivan V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><email>i.v.gaivoronsky@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0143-7402</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1523-8394</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Odintsova</surname><given-names>Irina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Одинцова</surname><given-names>Ирина Алексеевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Odintsova</surname><given-names>Irina A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><email>odintsova-irina@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9267-5800</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3734-5479</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chrishtop</surname><given-names>Vladimir V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Криштоп</surname><given-names>Владимир Владимирович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Chrishtop</surname><given-names>Vladimir V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><email>chrishtop@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1977-7536</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1147-3072</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Semenov</surname><given-names>Aleksey A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Семенов</surname><given-names>Алексей Анатольевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Semenov</surname><given-names>Aleksey A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><email>semfeodosia82@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1083-8917</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gorbanev</surname><given-names>Oleg V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Горбанев</surname><given-names>Олег Витальевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Gorbanev</surname><given-names>Oleg V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>o.v.gorbanev@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">State Research and Testing Institute of Military Medicine of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Государственный научно-исследовательский испытательный институт военной медицины Министерства обороны Российской Федерации</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">State Research and Testing Institute of Military Medicine of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Военно-медицинская академия имени С.М. Кирова</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">St Petersburg University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">St Petersburg University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Almazov National Medical Research Centre</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр имени В.А. Алмазова</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Almazov National Medical Research Centre</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2024-07-29" publication-format="electronic"><day>29</day><month>07</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-09-04" publication-format="electronic"><day>04</day><month>09</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>162</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>72</fpage><lpage>80</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-04-09"><day>09</day><month>04</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-06-25"><day>25</day><month>06</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2024,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2027-09-04"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://j-morphology.com/1026-3543/article/view/630150">https://j-morphology.com/1026-3543/article/view/630150</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><italic>BACKGROUND:</italic> Atrophic scars and their treatment are an understudied problem because research efforts traditionally concentrated on keloid and hypertrophic scars. One of the key roles in the development of atrophic scars can be played by mast cells, which may influence the treatment of atrophic scars.</p> <p><italic>THE AIM:</italic> To quantitatively assess connective tissue mast cells in the model of atrophic scar under experimental application of inorganic gels and biocomposite with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).</p> <p><italic>MATERIALS AND METHODS:</italic> The study was carried out on 36 male Wistar rats. They were distributed into 6 groups: I, intact animals; II, controls; group III, application of VEGF; group IV, aluminum hydroxide gel application; V, silicone gel; VI, biocomposite based on aluminum hydroxide and VEGF.</p> <p><italic>RESULTS:</italic> The numerical density of mast cells in all groups was significantly lower than that in intact skin, and the level of degranulation was significantly higher. The highest proportion of fully degranulated mast cells was observed in the atrophic scar model without experimental application. When VEGF was applied, partial degranulation of paravasal mast cells occurred. Under the influence of inorganic gels, the dermal structures of the scar recovered, which was also associated with the partial degranulation of mast cells. After silicone gel application, accumulations of partially degranulated mast cells were noted in the deep zones of the scar; after the application of aluminum hydrogel, they were found in the subepidermal layer. The experimental application of biocomposite combined the effects of VEGF and aluminum hydroxide application. Quantitative and qualitative characteristics of mast cells and the degree of their degranulation can be a criterion for assessing the effectiveness of local administration of biologically active substances in atrophic scarring.</p> <p><italic>CONCLUSION:</italic> The restoration of the components of the intercellular substance of the dermis of an atrophic scar and growth of the synthetic activity of fibroblasts under the influence of inorganic gels was associated with degranulation and growth of mast cells. After the experimental application of polysiloxanes, the regeneration process captures deeper zones of the scar, and in the group that received aluminum hydrogel, more superficial zones were covered. After the local application of VEGF solution in phosphate buffer, partial degranulation of paravasal dermal mast cells was noted. Experimental application of the biocomposite combined the effects of the experimental application of aluminum hydrogel and VEGF. The abovedescribed effects were mediated by the epithelium of the atrophic scar.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Обоснование. Атрофические рубцы и их терапия мало изучены, поскольку усилия авторов традиционно концентрируются в области келоидных и гипертрофических рубцов. Не исключено, что в развитии атрофических рубцов и в их лечении одна из ключевых ролей принадлежит тучным клеткам.</p> <p>Цель исследования — количественная оценка тучных клеток соединительной ткани в модели атрофического рубца при экспериментальной аппликации неорганических гелей и биокомпозита с фактором роста эндотелия сосудов (vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF).</p> <p>Материалы и методы. Исследование проведено на 36 самцах крыс линии Вистар, которых распределили на 6 групп: I — интактные животные; II — контрольная группа; в III группе проводили аппликацию фактора роста эндотелия сосудов VEGF; в IV группе — аппликацию геля на основе гидроокиси алюминия; в V группе — аппликацию силиконовым гелем; в VI группе — биокомпозитом на основе гидроокиси алюминия и VEGF.</p> <p>Результаты. Численная плотность тучных клеток во всех исследуемых группах была статистически значимо ниже, чем в интактной коже, а уровень дегрануляции — значительно выше. Самая большая доля полностью дегранулировавших тучных клеток отмечена при моделировании атрофического рубца без экспериментальной аппликации. При аппликации VEGF происходит частичная дегрануляция паравазальных тучных клеток. Под влиянием неорганических гелей наблюдается восстановление структур дермы рубца, также связанное с частичной дегрануляцией тучных клеток. При аппликации силиконового геля возникают скопления частично дегранулировавших тучных клеток в глубоких зонах рубца, при аппликации гидрогеля алюминия — в субэпидермальном слое. При экспериментальной аппликации биокомпозита сочетаются эффекты аппликации VEGF и гидроокиси алюминия. Количественная и качественная характеристики тучных клеток, степень их дегрануляции могут быть использованы в качестве критерия оценки эффективности местного введения биологически активных веществ при атрофическом рубце.</p> <p>Заключение. Восстановление компонентов межклеточного вещества дермы атрофического рубца, рост синтетической активности фибробластов под влиянием неорганических гелей связаны с дегрануляцией и увеличением численности тучных клеток. При экспериментальной аппликации полисилоксанов процесс регенерации захватывает более глубокие зоны рубца, а в группе, получавшей гидрогель алюминия, — более поверхностные зоны. При местном использовании раствора VEGF в фосфатном буфере отмечается частичная дегрануляция паравазальных тучных клеток дермы. При экспериментальной аппликации биокомпозита сочетаются эффекты экспериментальной аппликации гидрогеля алюминия и VEGF. Вышеописанные эффекты, очевидно, опосредуются эпителием атрофического рубца.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>论证。对萎缩性瘢痕及其治疗研究很少，因为作者们的精力传统上都集中在瘢痕疙瘩和增生性疤痕领域。肥大细胞可能在萎缩性疤痕的发展及其治疗中发挥着关键作用。</p> <p>本研究的目的是对无机凝胶和含血管内皮生长因子（vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF）的生物复合材料定量评估萎缩性瘢痕模型中的肥大结缔组织细胞。</p> <p>材料和方法。研究对象是 36 只雄性 Wistar 大鼠，分为 6 组： I 组包括完整的动物；II 组为对照组；III 组使用血管内皮生长因子；IV 组使用氢氧化铝凝胶；V 组使用硅凝胶；6 组使用基于氢氧化铝和血管内皮生长因子的生物复合材料。</p> <p>结果。据统计，所有研究组中肥大细胞的数量密度都明显低于完整皮肤，而脱颗粒程度则明显高于完整皮肤。在没有实验应用的萎缩性瘢痕模型中，观察到最大比例的完全脱颗粒肥大细胞在使用血管内皮生长因子时，会出现部分血管旁肥大细胞脱颗粒现象。在无机凝胶的影响下，可以观察到疤痕真皮结构的恢复，这也与肥大细胞的部分脱颗粒有关。当使用硅凝胶时，部分脱粒的肥大细胞聚集在疤痕的深层区域，使用氢氧化铝凝胶时，则聚集在表皮下层。生物复合材料的实验应用结合了血管内皮生长因子和氢氧化铝的应用效果。肥大细胞的定量和定性特征及其脱颗粒程度可作为评估局部施用生物活性物质对萎缩性瘢痕效果的标准。</p> <p>结论。萎缩性瘢痕真皮细胞间质成分的恢复，无机凝胶作用下成纤维细胞合成活性的增加与肥大细胞脱颗粒和数量的增加有关。在使用聚硅氧烷的实验中，疤痕的再生过程在较深的区域进行，而在使用铝水凝胶的组别中，再生过程在较浅的区域进行。在局部应用磷酸盐缓冲液中的血管内皮生长因子溶液时，可发现真皮旁肥大细胞部分脱颗粒。生物复合材料的实验应用结合了铝水凝胶和血管内皮生长因子的实验应用效果。上述效果显然是由萎缩性疤痕的上皮细胞介导的。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>atrophic scar</kwd><kwd>VEGF</kwd><kwd>inorganic gels</kwd><kwd>biocomposite</kwd><kwd>mast cells</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>атрофический рубец</kwd><kwd>VEGF</kwd><kwd>неорганические гели</kwd><kwd>биокомпозит</kwd><kwd>тучные клетки</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>萎缩性瘢痕</kwd><kwd>血管内皮生长因子</kwd><kwd>无机凝胶</kwd><kwd>生物复合材料</kwd><kwd>肥大细胞</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hwang YJ, Lee YN, Lee YW, et al. 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