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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Morphology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Morphology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Морфология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1026-3543</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2949-2556</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">630583</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/morph.630583</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Study Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Anatomy of the inferior pyramidal space tendon in the fetal and neonatal heart: a pilot study</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Особенности анатомии сухожилия нижнего пирамидального пространства в сердце плода и новорождённого: пилотное исследование</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>胎儿和新生儿心脏下锥状间隙肌腱的解剖特征：实验性研究</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8267-2895</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8618-2991</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Yakimov</surname><given-names>Andrey A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Якимов</surname><given-names>Андрей Аркадьевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Yakimov</surname><given-names>Andrey A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Associate Professor</p></bio><email>ayakimov07@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2973-3481</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7966-8133</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dmitrieva</surname><given-names>Eugenia G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дмитриева</surname><given-names>Евгения Германовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Dmitrieva</surname><given-names>Eugenia G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>anmayak@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6681-7537</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2841-6740</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gaponov</surname><given-names>Anton A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гапонов</surname><given-names>Антон Александрович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Gaponov</surname><given-names>Anton A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>gagaponov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Ural State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Уральский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Ural State Medical University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Ural Federal University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Уральский федеральный университет имени первого Президента России Б.Н. Ельцина</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Ural Federal University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2024-12-04" publication-format="electronic"><day>04</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>162</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>276</fpage><lpage>286</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-04-21"><day>21</day><month>04</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-09-30"><day>30</day><month>09</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2024,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2027-12-15"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://j-morphology.com/1026-3543/article/view/630583">https://j-morphology.com/1026-3543/article/view/630583</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold>Knowing the anatomical features of the inferior pyramidal space tendon of the fetal and neonatal heart (the tendon of Todaro, TT) is important for perinatal cardiac surgery (e.g., with access to the left atrium), but has been virtually unstudied.</p> <p><bold>AIM: </bold>The aim of the study was to evaluate the possibility of dissecting and evaluating the TT macromicroscopically and to obtain preliminary data on its presence, shape, size, branching and local topography in the fetal and neonatal heart.</p> <p><bold>MATERIALS AND METHODS: </bold>Fifteen samples of normal human hearts at 16–40 weeks of gestation were examined. Ten hearts were dissected under an Olympus SZX2-ZB10 microscope (Olympus, Japan) at a magnification ranging from 6.3 to 30×. The length and width of the TT were measured using a Levenhuk M1000 PLUS camera (Levenhuk, Russia) with a resolution of 10 Mpx and Levenhuk lite software. The arithmetic mean, standard deviation, median, extreme values, coefficient of variation and Spearman correlation coefficient (Rs) were calculated. Histologic sections were prepared from five hearts and stained using the Masson trichrome technique.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>The TT was detected in all specimens and was always located in the intramyocardial space and/or in the loose connective tissue of the inferior pyramidal space. In all cases, the TT was originated from the right fibrous triangle, anterior to and above the atrioventricular bundle and node, where the TT was most monolithic. The TT then followed between the inferior border of the patent foramen ovale and the opening of the coronary sinus, ending at the valve of the inferior vena cava. In 6 out of 10 cases, the TT had no branches. In 4 out of 10 cases, it divided into two branches covering the opening of the coronary sinus. The TT fibers reaching the right coronary artery were dissected in one specimen. The median width of the TT at the inferior vena cava valve (0.35 mm) correlated with its length (4.63 mm; Rs = 0.821; <italic>p</italic> = 0.023) and width at the origin (0.24 mm; Rs = 0.929; <italic>p</italic> = 0.0003).</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS: </bold>The inferior pyramidal space tendon of the heart in the late prenatal and perinatal period of human development is characterized by variable anatomy and constant topography. Variable structure is manifested by variations in tendon branching, a wide range of lengths and especially widths. Constant topography means that the tendon originates, runs, and ends in the same places. This tendon can be identified in fetal and neonatal hearts using macromicroscopic dissection.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование. </bold>Знания анатомических особенностей сухожилия нижнего пирамидального пространства сердца плода и новорождённого (сухожилие Тодáро, СТ) важны для перинатальной кардиохирургии (например, при доступе в левое предсердие), но эти особенности практически не изучены.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования </bold>— оценить возможность препарирования и изучения СТ на макромикроскопическом уровне и получить предварительные данные о его наличии, форме, размерах, ветвлении и локальной топографии в сердце плода и новорождённого.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы. </bold>Изучены 15 препаратов нормального сердца человека в 16–40 недель внутриутробного развития. 10 сердец препарировали под микроскопом Olympus SZX2-ZB10 (Olympus, Япония) при увеличении от 6,3 до 30. С помощью камеры Levenhuk M1000 PLUS (Levenhuk, Россия) с разрешением 10 Мпк и программного обеспечения Levenhuk lite измеряли длину и ширину СТ. Находили среднее арифметическое, его стандартное отклонение, медиану, крайние значения, коэффициент вариации, коэффициент корреляции Спирмена (Rs). Из пяти сердец готовили гистологические срезы, которые окрашивали по Массону.</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>СТ выявлено во всех препаратах, оно всегда располагалось интрамиокардиально и/или в рыхлой соединительной ткани нижнего пирамидального пространства. Во всех случаях СТ начиналось от правого фиброзного треугольника, спереди и сверху от предсердно-желудочкового пучка и узла — здесь СТ было наиболее монолитным. Далее СТ следовало между нижним краем овального отверстия и устьем венечного синуса и заканчивалось в заслонке нижней полой вены. В 6 из 10 случаев СТ не имело ветвей, в 4 из 10 случаев — делилось на две ветви, которые охватывали устье венечного синуса. На одном препарате отпрепарированы волокна СТ, достигавшие правой венечной артерии. Медиана ширины СТ у заслонки нижней полой вены (0,35 мм) коррелировала с его длиной (4,63 мм; Rs=0,821; <italic>p</italic>=0,023) и шириной у места начала (0,24 мм; Rs=0,929; <italic>p</italic>=0,0003).</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>Для сухожилия нижнего пирамидального пространства сердца в позднем антенатальном и перинатальном периодах развития человека характерны изменчивость анатомического строения и постоянство топографии. Изменчивость строения проявляется вариантами ветвления сухожилия, широким диапазоном значений длины и особенно ширины. Постоянство топографии состоит в неизменности начала, следования и окончания сухожилия. Данное сухожилие в сердце плода и новорождённого возможно выявить методом макромикроскопического препарирования.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p><bold>论证。</bold>了解胎儿和新生儿心脏下锥状间隙肌腱（Todaro tendon，TT）的解剖学特征对围产期心外科（如左心房入路）非常重要，但实际上尚未进行研究。</p> <p><bold>目的 </bold>— 评估在宏观显微镜下解剖和研究TT的可行性，并获得有关其在胎儿和新生儿心脏中的存在、形状、大小、分支和局部地形的初步数据。</p> <p><bold>材料和方法。</bold>对15个宫内发育16～40周的正常人心脏样本进行了研究。使用Olympus SZX2-ZB10显微镜（Olympus，日本）以6.3至30的放大倍数解剖10个心脏。使用分辨率为10 MP的Levenhuk M1000 PLUS相机（Levenhuk，俄罗斯）和Levenhuk lite软件，测量了TT的长度和宽度。求出算术平均值、标准差、中位数、极值、变异系数和Spearman相关系数。制备五颗心脏的组织切片，并按照Masson染色法进行染色。</p> <p><bold>结果。</bold>在所有制备样本中均检测到TT，TT总是位于心内和/或下锥状间隙的疏松结缔组织中。在所有病例中，TT都从右纤维三角开始，心房心室束和结节的前方和上方的TT最为单一。TT沿着卵圆孔下缘和冠状窦开口之间延伸，最后到达下腔静脉瓣。10例中有6例TT无分支，10例中有4例分为两个分支，覆盖冠状窦口。在一份样本中，制备了到达右冠状动脉的TT纤维。下腔静脉瓣部TT的宽度中位数 (0.35mm) 与其长度 (4.63mm; Rs=0.821; p=0.023) 和原点处的宽度 (0.24mm; Rs=0.929; p=0.0003）相关。</p> <p><bold>结论。</bold>在人发育的产前后期和围产期，心脏下锥状间隙的肌腱具有解剖结构的可变性和地形恒定的特点。结构的可变性表现为肌腱分支和宽度值变异，尤其是宽度。地形的恒定性在于肌腱的起点、连续和终点的不变性。胎儿和新生儿心脏中的这种肌腱可以通过宏观显微镜解剖来找出。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>fetal heart</kwd><kwd>cardiac anatomy</kwd><kwd>right atrium</kwd><kwd>interatrial septum</kwd><kwd>fibrous skeleton of heart</kwd><kwd>tendon of Todaro</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>сердце плода</kwd><kwd>анатомия сердца</kwd><kwd>правое предсердие</kwd><kwd>межпредсердная перегородка</kwd><kwd>фиброзный скелет сердца</kwd><kwd>сухожилие Тодаро</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>胎儿心脏</kwd><kwd>心脏解剖</kwd><kwd>右心房</kwd><kwd>房间隔</kwd><kwd>心脏纤维骨架</kwd><kwd>托达罗腱</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saremi F, Sánchez-Quintana D, Mori S, et al. 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