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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Morphology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Morphology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Морфология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1026-3543</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2949-2556</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">633418</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/morph.633418</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Научные обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Extreme examples of reparative chondrogenesis: molecular mechanisms</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Экстремальные примеры репаративного хондрогенеза: молекулярные механизмы</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>修复性软骨生成的极端实例：分子机制</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8888-8395</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6474-9570</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bilyalov</surname><given-names>Airat I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Билялов</surname><given-names>Айрат Ильдарович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Bilyalov</surname><given-names>Airat I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>BilyalovAir@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1386-8971</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9206-8458</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Filatov</surname><given-names>Nikita S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Филатов</surname><given-names>Никита Сергеевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Filatov</surname><given-names>Nikita S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>ns.filatov@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5343-9303</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Filimoshina</surname><given-names>Daria D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Филимошина</surname><given-names>Дарья Дмитриевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Filimoshina</surname><given-names>Daria D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>dashuta1312.filimoshina@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6203-9758</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5666-3711</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gusev</surname><given-names>Oleg A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гусев</surname><given-names>Олег Александрович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Gusev</surname><given-names>Oleg A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат биологических наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><email>gaijin.ru@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4460-4140</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6000-3551</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kiassov</surname><given-names>Andrey P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Киясов</surname><given-names>Андрей Павлович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Kiassov</surname><given-names>Andrey P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><email>kiassov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kazan Federal University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Казанский (Приволжский) федеральный университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Kazan Federal University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Moscow Clinical Scientific Center named afrter A.S. Loginov</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский клинический научно-практический центр имени А.С. Логинова Департамента здравоохранения города Москвы</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Moscow Clinical Scientific Center named afrter A.S. Loginov</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Saint-Petersburg National Research University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный исследовательский университет ИТМО</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Saint-Petersburg National Research University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Life Improvement by Future Technologies (LIFT) Center</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ООО «ЛИФТ Центр»</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Life Improvement by Future Technologies (LIFT) Center</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Endocrinology Research Centre</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр эндокринологии</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Endocrinology Research Centre</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff6"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Juntendo University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Университет Джунтендо</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Juntendo University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2024-09-11" publication-format="electronic"><day>11</day><month>09</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-11-10" publication-format="electronic"><day>10</day><month>11</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>162</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>200</fpage><lpage>212</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-06-12"><day>12</day><month>06</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-07-17"><day>17</day><month>07</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2024, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2027-11-10"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://j-morphology.com/1026-3543/article/view/633418">https://j-morphology.com/1026-3543/article/view/633418</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Restoring hyaline cartilage integrity remains a significant challenge in regenerative medicine. When damaged, the defect is replaced by fibrosis connective tissue, resulting in a loss of the biomechanical properties of the cartilage.</p> <p>This review examines the intricate molecular mechanisms underlying reparative chondrogenesis and presents examples from a variety of animal species. It provides a comprehensive overview of the signaling pathways and cellular responses that promote cartilage repair, showcasing the regenerative abilities of fish and amphibians, including the little skate and axolotl, and surprising cases of chondrogenesis in mammals like the naked mole-rat and the Acomys mouse. Unraveling the dynamic interplay between growth factors, cytokines, and extracellular matrix components will shed light on the complex signaling pathways controlling reparative chondrogenesis.</p> <p>The comparative analysis presented in this review reveals both conserved and species-specific molecular pathways involved in cartilage regeneration. This provides valuable information for translational studies. By uncovering the genetic and epigenetic determinants governing extreme examples of reparative chondrogenesis, this review provides a comprehensive framework for developing therapeutic strategies to improve cartilage repair in humans.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Восстановление целостности гиалинового хряща — одна из нерешённых проблем регенеративной медицины. В случае повреждения дефект замещается волокнистой соединительной тканью, что ведёт к потере биомеханических свойств самого хряща.</p> <p>В обзоре рассмотрены сложные молекулярные механизмы, лежащие в основе репаративного хондрогенеза, и представлены примеры восстановления целостности хрящевой ткани, относящиеся к разным видам животных. Описаны сигнальные пути и клеточные реакции, способствующие восстановлению хрящевой ткани, начиная с регенеративных способностей рыб и амфибий (ежовый скат и аксолотль) и заканчивая необычными примерами хондрогенеза ряда представителей млекопитающих (голый землекоп и мышь рода <italic>Acomys</italic>). Понимание динамического взаимодействия между факторами роста, цитокинами и компонентами внеклеточного матрикса проливает свет на сложные сигнальные пути, управляющие репаративным хондрогенезом.</p> <p>Сравнительный анализ в данном обзоре выявляет как консервативные, так и видоспецифичные молекулярные пути, участвующие в регенерации хряща, что даёт ценную информацию для трансляционных исследований. Раскрывая генетические и эпигенетические детерминанты, управляющие «экстремальными» примерами репаративного хондрогенеза, настоящий обзор представляет собой всеобъемлющую основу для разработки стратегий лечения, направленных на улучшение восстановления хрящевой ткани у людей.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>恢复透明软骨的完整性是再生医学尚未解决的问题之一。在受损的情况下，缺损部位会被纤维结缔组织取代，从而导致软骨本身失去生物力学特性。</p> <p>这篇综述探讨了修复性软骨生成的复杂分子机制。文章介绍了不同动物物种软骨完整性恢复的实例。文章描述了促进软骨修复的信号通路和细胞反应，从鱼类和两栖动物（海胆魟和腋螈）的再生能力，到一些哺乳动物（裸鼩和Acomys属小鼠）软骨发生的不寻常例子。了解生长因子、细胞因子和细胞外基质成分之间的动态相互作用，有助于了解控制修复性软骨形成的复杂信号通路。</p> <p>本综述中的比较分析确定了参与软骨再生的保守分子途径和物种特异性分子途径，为转化研究提供了宝贵的信息。通过揭示支配软骨再生 “极端 ”实例的遗传和表观遗传决定因素，本综述为制定改善人类软骨修复的治疗策略提供了一个全面的框架。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>chondrogenesis</kwd><kwd>cartilage</kwd><kwd>regeneration</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>хондрогенез</kwd><kwd>хрящевая ткань</kwd><kwd>регенерация</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Министерства науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации (грант)</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (grant)</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="zh">Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (grant)</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>075-15-2021-1344</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Becerra J, Andrades JA, Guerado E, et al. 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