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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Morphology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Morphology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Морфология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1026-3543</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2949-2556</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">634895</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/morph.634895</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Study Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Morphologic features of synaptic structures associated with human cortical amyloid plaques</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Морфологические особенности синаптических структур, ассоциированных с амилоидными бляшками, в коре больших полушарий головного мозга человека</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>人脑半球皮层中与淀粉样蛋白斑相关的突触结构的形态特征</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9499-8275</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5115-4320</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Guselnikova</surname><given-names>Valeria V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гусельникова</surname><given-names>Валерия Владимировна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Guselnikova</surname><given-names>Valeria V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><email>Guselnicova.Valeriia@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3997-2232</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8877-8902</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Razenkova</surname><given-names>Valeria A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Разенкова</surname><given-names>Валерия Алексеевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Razenkova</surname><given-names>Valeria A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>valeriya.raz@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0190-885X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5414-4122</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Fedorova</surname><given-names>Elena A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фёдорова</surname><given-names>Елена Анатольевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Fedorova</surname><given-names>Elena A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><email>el-fedorova2014@ya.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2456-8165</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3252-3029</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Korzhevsky</surname><given-names>Dmitry E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Коржевский</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Эдуардович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Korzhevsky</surname><given-names>Dmitry E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor of the Russian Academy of Sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор РАН</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor of the Russian Academy of Sciences</p></bio><email>dek2@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Experimental Medicine</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт экспериментальной медицины</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Institute of Experimental Medicine</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2024-12-04" publication-format="electronic"><day>04</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>162</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>330</fpage><lpage>339</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-08-06"><day>06</day><month>08</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-09-30"><day>30</day><month>09</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2024,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2027-12-15"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://j-morphology.com/1026-3543/article/view/634895">https://j-morphology.com/1026-3543/article/view/634895</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold>Progressive and irreversible synaptic loss is a key manifestation of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) that correlates with the degree of AD-associated cognitive impairment. The study of synaptic impairment may be necessary to understand the AD development and progression. Therefore, it seems important to analyze structural and functional changes in synapses during the development of this disease. Synaptophysin, a synaptic vesicle membrane protein, is one of the most reliable and widely used synaptic markers in such studies.</p> <p><bold>AIM: </bold>The aim of this study was to investigate the morphological characteristics of synaptophysin-containing structures in the human cerebral cortex during amyloid plaque formation.</p> <p><bold>MATERIALS AND METHODS: </bold>The study used cerebral cortex samples (<italic>n</italic> = 10) from men and women between the ages of 65 and 94 years. A new and original technique for light microscopy based on immunohistochemical detection of synaptophysin and staining of amyloid plaques with Alcian Blue was used for the simultaneous detection of synapses and amyloid plaques.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>In most amyloid plaques, abnormal synaptophysin-immunopositive structures were found, presumably representing dystrophic presynapses. These structures were characterized by large size and diffuse shape and were found exclusively in amyloid plaques. It should be mentioned that polysaccharide bodies (<italic>corpora amylacea</italic>) were detected in all samples of the cerebral cortex, characterized by a distinct spherical shape and located predominantly near the meninges, periventricularly and perivascularly. Synaptophysin-immunopositive terminals surrounding polysaccharide bodies had a typical structure and distribution density in all cases and showed no signs of abnormality.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS: </bold>In the cerebral cortex of elderly, senile, and long-lived individuals with AD, abnormal synaptophysin-containing structures form within or around amyloid plaques. Further study of these structures promises to identify new biomarkers of synaptic disorganization, including AD and early diagnostic markers for AD.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование. </bold>Прогрессирующая и необратимая потеря синапсов является одним из ключевых проявлений болезни Альцгеймера (БА) и коррелирует со степенью когнитивных нарушений при этом заболевании. Изучение патологии синапсов может иметь решающее значение для понимания механизмов патогенеза и прогрессирования БА. Поэтому анализ структурно-функциональных изменений синапсов при развитии этой патологии представляется важной задачей. Одним из наиболее надёжных и широко используемых маркёров синапсов при проведении таких исследований является синаптофизин — белок мембраны синаптических везикул.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования </bold>— изучить морфологические особенности синаптофизин-содержащих структур в коре больших полушарий головного мозга человека при формировании амилоидных бляшек.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы. </bold>Материалом для исследования служили образцы коры больших полушарий головного мозга (<italic>n</italic>=10) мужчин и женщин в возрасте от 65 до 94 лет. С целью одновременного выявления синапсов и амилоидных бляшек использовали новую оригинальную методику для световой микроскопии, основанную на иммуногистохимическом выявлении белка синаптофизина и окраске амилоидных бляшек гистохимическим красителем альциановым синим.</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>В большинстве амилоидных бляшек были обнаружены аномальные синаптофизин-иммунопозитивные структуры, которые предположительно являются дистрофическими пресинапсами. Эти структуры характеризуются крупными размерами и нечёткой формой и присутствуют исключительно в составе амилоидных бляшек. Интересной находкой стало обнаружение во всех исследованных образцах коры головного мозга так называемых полисахаридных телец (<italic>corpora</italic><italic> </italic><italic>amylacea</italic>), которые характеризуются чёткой сферической формой и располагаются преимущественно вблизи мозговых оболочек, перивентрикулярно и периваскулярно. Синаптофизин-иммунопозитивные терминали, окружающие полисахаридные тельца, всегда имеют типичное строение и плотность распределения и не демонстрируют признаков патологии.</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>В коре больших полушарий головного мозга у людей с БА пожилого, старческого возраста и долгожителей формируются аномальные синаптофизин-содержащие структуры, которые локализованы в пределах амилоидных бляшек или окружают их. Дальнейшее изучение этих структур перспективно с точки зрения выявления новых биомаркёров синаптической дезорганизации, в том числе при БА, а также поиска ранних диагностических маркёров этого заболевания.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p><bold>论证。</bold>进行性和不可逆的突触丧失是阿尔茨海默病（AD）的关键表现之一，且与患病的认知障碍程度相关。突触的病理学研究对于理解AD的发病机制和进展机制可能具有决定性意义。因此，分析这种病理发展过程中突触的结构和功能变化是一项重要任务。在此类研究中，最可靠和最广泛使用的突触标记之一是突触素，它是一种突触小泡膜中的蛋白质。</p> <p><bold>目的 </bold>— 研究淀粉样蛋白斑形成过程中人脑皮层中含有突触素的结构的形态特征。</p> <p><bold>材料和方法。</bold>该研究的材料是65至94岁男性和女性的大脑皮层样本（n=10）。为了同时查明突触和淀粉样斑块，使用了一种新的光学显微镜独创技术，该技术基于突触素蛋白的免疫组织化学检测和用组织化学染料阿尔新蓝对淀粉样斑块进行染色。</p> <p><bold>结果。</bold>大多数淀粉样蛋白斑显示出异常的突触素免疫阳性结构，推测这些结构是营养不良性的突触前。这些结构的特点是尺寸大、形状不清晰，并且仅存在于淀粉样蛋白斑的组成中。一个有趣的发现是，在所有研究的大脑皮层样本中都发现了所谓的多糖体（淀粉体），这些多糖体具有明显的球形特征，主要位于脑膜附近、脑室周围和血管周围。多糖体周围的突触素免疫阳性末端始终具有典型的结构和分布密度，不表现出病理迹象。</p> <p><bold>结论。</bold>在老年痴呆症患者、高龄人和长寿人的大脑半球皮层中，会形成异常的含突触素的结构，这些结构位于淀粉样蛋白斑块内或周围。包括在AD情况下，从确定突触紊乱的新生物标志，以及寻找这种疾病的早期诊断标志物的角度来看，进一步研究这些结构是很有前景的。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>synapses</kwd><kwd>synaptophysin</kwd><kwd>amyloid plaques</kwd><kwd>corpora amylacea</kwd><kwd>Alzheimer’s disease</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>синапсы</kwd><kwd>синаптофизин</kwd><kwd>амилоидные бляшки</kwd><kwd>полисахаридные тельца</kwd><kwd>болезнь Альцгеймера</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>突触</kwd><kwd>突触素</kwd><kwd>淀粉样蛋白斑</kwd><kwd>多糖体</kwd><kwd>阿尔茨海默病</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Правительство Российской Федерации</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Government of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="zh">Government of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>FGWG-2024-0015</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Meftah S, Gan J. 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