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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Morphology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Morphology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Морфология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1026-3543</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2949-2556</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">636307</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/morph.636307</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">RXWDLP</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Study Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Morphological Features of the Kidneys in <italic>INSRR</italic> Knockout Mice Under Bicarbonate Load</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Морфологические особенности почек у мышей с нокаутом гена <italic>INSRR</italic> в условиях бикарбонатной нагрузки</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>INSRR基因敲除小鼠在碳酸氢盐负荷条件下的肾脏形态学特征</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4925-8005</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6486-5795</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gantsova</surname><given-names>Elena A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ганцова</surname><given-names>Елена Александровна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Gantsova</surname><given-names>Elena A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>gantsova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4941-8913</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8459-4496</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Serova</surname><given-names>Oxana V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Серова</surname><given-names>Оксана Викторовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Serova</surname><given-names>Oxana V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Chemistry)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. хим. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Cand. Sci. (Chemistry)</p></bio><email>oxana.serova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2041-808X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3242-5528</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Deev</surname><given-names>Igor E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Деев</surname><given-names>Игорь Евгеньевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Deev</surname><given-names>Igor E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><email>deyevie@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2392-4439</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5160-9029</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Elchaninov</surname><given-names>Andrey V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ельчанинов</surname><given-names>Андрей Владимирович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Elchaninov</surname><given-names>Andrey V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Associate Professor</p></bio><email>elchandrey@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6498-5764</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7919-8430</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Fatkhudinov</surname><given-names>Timur H.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фатхудинов</surname><given-names>Тимур Хайсамудинович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Fatkhudinov</surname><given-names>Timur H.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><email>fatkhudinov_tkh@pfur.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный центр хирургии им. акад. Б.В. Петровского</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский университет дружбы народов им. П. Лумумбы</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Shemyakin &amp; Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт биоорганической химии им. акад. М.М. Шемякина и Ю.А. Овчинникова РАН</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Shemyakin &amp; Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kulakov Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр акушерства, гинекологии и перинатологии им. акад. В.И. Кулакова</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Kulakov Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-05-02" publication-format="electronic"><day>02</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-06-23" publication-format="electronic"><day>23</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>163</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>134</fpage><lpage>144</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-09-21"><day>21</day><month>09</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-12-21"><day>21</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2025,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2027-06-23"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://j-morphology.com/1026-3543/article/view/636307">https://j-morphology.com/1026-3543/article/view/636307</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> The insulin receptor-related receptor (IRR), a receptor tyrosine kinase, functions as a sensor of extracellular alkaline pH and is involved in renal bicarbonate excretion. High IRR expression has been detected in β-intercalated cells of the kidney, located in the distal tubules where bicarbonate secretion occurs. To create a new model for investigating sensitivity to pH changes, a unique <italic>INSRR</italic> knockout mouse line was developed on a C57BL/6 background.</p> <p><bold>AIM:</bold> To analyze morphological changes in kidney tissue in <italic>INSRR</italic> knockout mice compared with wild-type animals under normal conditions and during metabolic alkalosis.</p> <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> The study used littermate mice from a single generation, with genotypes confirmed by polymerase chain reaction. Two mouse lines were used in the experiment: <italic>INSRR</italic> knockout and wild-type. The animals were studied under two conditions—baseline and experimentally induced alkalosis. Morphometric analysis was performed on hematoxylin and eosin–stained kidney cryosections. The number of macrophages in kidney tissue was evaluated using immunohistochemical staining.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Morphometric analysis revealed that <italic>INSRR</italic> gene knockout did not lead to significant pathological alterations in kidney structure. However, significant differences were observed in parenchymal thickness, glomerular area, and collecting duct diameter in sections taken at the level of the renal pelvis. Differences were observed both when comparing the two mouse lines under normal conditions and during experimental alkalosis. Additionally, kidney size in knockout mice was smaller than in wild-type animals. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed no statistically significant differences in the number of CD206-positive (anti-inflammatory) macrophages in the kidneys under either normal conditions or experimental alkalosis.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Morphometric analysis of histological sections revealed increased parenchymal thickness in receptor tyrosine kinase knockout mice compared with wild-type animals under experimental alkalosis. Overall, knockout of the IRR receptor tyrosine kinase gene did not result in major pathological changes in kidney architecture. Thus, this genetically modified mouse line may serve as a model for physiological and molecular biological studies of metabolic alkalosis and its associated pathological processes.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> Рецепторная тирозинкиназа, подобная рецептору инсулина (IRR), функционирует как сенсор внеклеточного щелочного pH и участвует в выделении бикарбоната почками. Высокая экспрессия IRR выявлена в β-интеркалирующих клетках почек, расположенных в дистальных канальцах, где происходит секреция бикарбоната. Для создания новой модели, позволяющей изучать чувствительность к изменениям pH, была выведена уникальная линия мышей с инактивированным геном <italic>INSRR</italic> на основе линии C57BL/6.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> — проанализировать морфологические изменения тканей почек у мышей с нокаутом гена <italic>INSRR</italic> в сравнении с животными дикого типа в нормальных условиях и при метаболическом алкалозе.</p> <p><bold>Методы.</bold> В работе использовали мышей потомков одного поколения (литтермейтс), генотип которых подтверждали методом полимеразной цепной реакции. В эксперименте использовали 2 линии мышей — нокаутные по гену <italic>INSRR</italic> и дикий тип, в двух условиях — нормальные условия и экспериментальный алкалоз. Для морфометрического анализа проводили обзорное окрашивание криосрезов почек гематоксилином и эозином. Количество макрофагов в почках оценивали методом иммуногистохимического окрашивания.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Морфометрический анализ показал, что нокаут гена <italic>INSRR</italic> не вызывает серьёзных патологических изменений в структуре почек. Однако были обнаружены значимые различия в толщине паренхимы, площади почечных телец и диаметре собирательных трубочек на срезах, выполненных на уровне почечной лоханки. Различия наблюдали как при сравнении мышей двух линий в нормальных условиях, так и при экспериментальном алкалозе. Кроме того, размер почек у нокаутных мышей оказался меньше, чем у мышей дикого типа. Иммуногистохимический анализ не выявил статистически значимых различий в количестве CD206 положительных (противовоспалительных) макрофагов в почках как в нормальных условиях, так и при моделировании алкалоза.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Морфометрический анализ гистологических срезов выявил увеличение толщины паренхимы почек у мышей с нокаутом гена рецепторной тирозинкиназы в условиях экспериментального алкалоза по сравнению с животными дикого типа. В целом, нокаут гена рецепторной тирозинкиназы IRR не привёл к существенным патологическим изменениям в строении почек. Таким образом, выведенная линия мышей может служить модельным объектом для физиологических и молекулярно-биологических исследований, направленных на изучение метаболического алкалоза и связанных с ним патологических процессов.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p><bold>论证。</bold>胰岛素受体样酪氨酸激酶受体（insulin receptor-related receptor, IRR）作为细胞外碱性pH的感受器，参与肾脏中碳酸氢盐的排泄。在肾脏远曲小管中分布的β-插入细胞中可观察到IRR的高表达，而这些细胞正是碳酸氢盐分泌的主要场所。为建立用于研究pH变化敏感性的新模型，本研究在C57BL/6背景下构建了INSRR基因敲除小鼠品系。</p> <p><bold>目的：</bold> 分析INSRR基因敲除小鼠在正常条件和代谢性碱中毒状态下肾组织的形态学变化，并与野生型小鼠进行比较。</p> <p><bold>材料与方法。</bold>本研究使用同窝仔鼠，并通过聚合酶链式反应方法进行基因分型。实验设置两个小鼠品系（INSRR基因敲除与野生型）和两种处理条件（正常状态与实验性碱中毒）。采用苏木精-伊红染色对肾脏冰冻切片进行形态计量分析，通过免疫组织化学染色评估肾组织中巨噬细胞的数量。</p> <p><bold>结果。</bold>形态计量分析表明，INSRR基因敲除并未导致肾组织结构出现显著病理性改变。然而，在肾盂水平的切片中，肾实质厚度、肾小体面积和集合小管腔径方面存在显著差异。在正常条件和实验性碱中毒条件下，对两种小鼠品系进行比较时均观察到上述差异。此外，敲除组小鼠的肾脏尺寸小于野生型小鼠。免疫组化结果显示，无论在正常条件还是碱中毒条件下，肾中CD206阳性（抗炎型）巨噬细胞数量差异均无统计学意义。</p> <p><bold>结论。</bold>在实验性碱中毒条件下，组织切片的形态计量分析显示，敲除受体酪氨酸激酶基因的小鼠肾实质厚度较野生型小鼠显著增加。总体来看，IRR酪氨酸激酶受体基因的敲除未引起肾组织结构的显著病理改变。因此，所建立的小鼠品系可作为研究代谢性碱中毒及其相关病理过程的生理学和分子生物学模型对象。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>IRR receptor tyrosine kinase</kwd><kwd>alkalosis</kwd><kwd>kidney</kwd><kwd>macrophages</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>рецепторная тирозинкиназа IRR</kwd><kwd>алкалоз</kwd><kwd>почка</kwd><kwd>макрофаги</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>IRR酪氨酸激酶受体</kwd><kwd>碱中毒</kwd><kwd>肾脏</kwd><kwd>巨噬细胞</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="zh">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>24-45-00031</award-id></award-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Government of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Правительство Российской Федерации</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="zh">Government of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>123030700110-4</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Korotkova DD, Gantsova EA, Goryashchenko AS, et al. 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