<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Morphology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Morphology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Морфология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1026-3543</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2949-2556</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">636893</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/morph.636893</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">qosduu</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Historical articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Исторические статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Patterns in the evolution of the conceptual framework of histology and cytology (17th–21st centuries)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Закономерности эволюции понятийного аппарата гистологии и цитологии (XVII–XXI вв.)</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>组织学与细胞学概念体系的演变规 律（17—21世纪）</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9299-0571</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6952-0466</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shevlyuk</surname><given-names>Nikolai N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шевлюк</surname><given-names>Николай Николаевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Shevlyuk</surname><given-names>Nikolai N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biology), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук, профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biology), Professor</p></bio><email>k_histology@orgma.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Orenburg state medical university</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Оренбургский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Orenburg state medical university</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-03-10" publication-format="electronic"><day>10</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-08-06" publication-format="electronic"><day>06</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>163</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>166</fpage><lpage>175</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-10-10"><day>10</day><month>10</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-01-28"><day>28</day><month>01</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2025,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2028-08-06"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://j-morphology.com/1026-3543/article/view/636893">https://j-morphology.com/1026-3543/article/view/636893</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The conceptual framework of the morphological sciences began to develop on a scientific basis in the 18th century. Histological structures were described using terms already applied in other biological fields, such as <italic>tissue</italic>, <italic>cell</italic>, <italic>fiber</italic>, <italic>sheath</italic>, <italic>plexus</italic>, <italic>node</italic>, <italic>membrane</italic>, <italic>nucleus</italic>, <italic>colloid</italic>, and others. In addition, new terms emerged through the combination of existing concepts with clarifying modifiers. At the same time, entirely new terms were introduced, such as <italic>centrosome</italic>, <italic>mitochondrion</italic>, <italic>endoplasmic reticulum</italic>, alongside numerous eponyms in histology and cytology. For many of these terms, the authorship remains unknown or is the subject of ongoing debate.</p> <p>The modern conceptual framework of histology was largely formed by the mid-20th century and officially formalized in its second half. The culmination of the evolution of histological terminology was the development of the International Histological Nomenclature, later renamed the International Histological Terminology, where eponyms were virtually excluded. Based on this international terminology, several countries developed national histological terminology, which continue to be periodically reviewed and updated. Today, histology is considered one of the most systematically organized scientific and educational disciplines.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Разработка понятийного аппарата морфологических наук стала проводиться на научной основе начиная с XVIII века. Для обозначения гистологических структур стали применять термины, уже использовавшиеся в других областях биологии, такие как «ткань», «клетка», «волокно», «оболочка», «сплетение», «узел», «мембрана», «ядро», «коллоид» и др. Кроме того, в обиходе появились термины, образованные путём сочетания уже известных понятий с уточняющими дополнениями. Одновременно с этим создавались и новые термины, например «центросома», «митохондрия», «эндоплазматическая сеть» и другие, а также возникло много гистологических и цитологических эпонимов. Для большого количества терминов авторство неизвестно, либо является предметом дискуссий.</p> <p>Современный понятийный аппарат гистологии в основном сложился к середине ХХ века и был официально оформлен во второй половине ХХ века. Результатом эволюции системы гистологической терминологии стало создание Международной гистологической номенклатуры, впоследствии переименованной в Международную гистологическую терминологию, в которой эпонимы практически отсутствовали. На основе созданной Международной терминологии в ряде стран появились национальные гистологические терминологии, которые периодически пересматриваются и дополняются. В настоящее время гистология является одной из самых системно организованных научных и учебных дисциплин.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>自18世纪起，形态学相关学科的概念体系逐步建立在科学基础之上。在组织学结构的命名中，开始引入其他生物学领域已有的术语，如“组织”“细胞”“纤维”“包膜”“网状结构”“结节”“膜” “细胞核”“胶体”等。同时，亦出现由已有术语与限定词组合形成的新术语。与此同时，还创造出诸如“中心体”“线粒体”“内质网”等全新术语，并形成大量组织学与细胞学的专有名称（eponyms）。许多术语的首创者已无从考证，或在学术界尚存在争议。</p> <p>当代组织学的概念体系主要于20世纪中期确立，并在下半叶得到正式规范化。其重要成果之一，是制定了《International Histological Nomenclature》，后更名为《International Histological Terminology》，其显著特征为基本取消了专有名称。在此基础上，多国相继建立本国的组织学术语体系，并定期进行修订与补充。目前，组织学已发展为概念体系最为系统严谨的科研与教学学科之一。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>history of histology and cytology</kwd><kwd>conceptual framework</kwd><kwd>terminology</kwd><kwd>eponyms</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>история гистологи и цитологии</kwd><kwd>понятийный аппарат</kwd><kwd>терминология</kwd><kwd>эпонимы</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>组织学与细胞学史</kwd><kwd>概念体系</kwd><kwd>术语学</kwd><kwd>专有名称</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Asimov I. Asimov’s biographical encyclopedia of science and technology: the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged. NewYork: Doubleday; 1972.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Shevlyuk NN. System of Russian histological and cytological terminology: history of creation and current status. Morphology. 2010;138(5):86–89. (In Russ.) EDN: MUKCIR</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Mikhaylov VP, Katinas GS. Basic concepts of histology. Arkhiv anat. 1977;73(9):11–26. (In Russ.) EDN: VBKEQX</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Giliarov MS, editor. Biological encyclopedic dictionary. 2nd ed. Moscow: Sovetskaya entsiklopediya; 1989. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Debus AG. World who’s who in science: a biographical dictionary of notable scientists from antiquity to the present. Chicago: Marquis-Who’s Who, inc. 1968.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Romanov NA, Dorosevich AE. Russian anatomical terminology of the XVIII century. Vol. 2. Smolensk: «SAU»; 2004. (In Russ.) EDN: QKNQGN</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Plesse W, Rux D. Biographien bedeutenden Biologen. Berlin: Volk und Wissen; 1977.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Folty Ya, Novy L. History of natural science in dates: chronological overview. Translated from Slovak. Shamina AN, editor. Moscow: Progress; 1987. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Babiy T P, Kokhanova LL, Kostiuk GG, et al. Biologists: a biographical guide. Kiev: Naukova dumk; 1984. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Zvorykin AA, editor. Biographical dictionary of personalities in science and technology: [in 2 volumes]. Moscow: Bolshaya sovetskaya entsiklopediya; 1958. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Novikov VD, Pravotorov GV, Trufakin VA. Dictionary of histology. Novosibirsk; 1998. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Novikov VD, Pravotorov GV. Histology, cytology, embryology: a reference guide. Moscow: OOO «Izdatelstvo YUKEA»; 2003. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Petrovsky BV, editor. Encyclopedic dictionary of medical terms. In 3 volumes. Moscow: Sovetskaya entsiklopediya; 1982. Vol. 1, 1983. Vol. 2, 1984. Vol. 3. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Klishov AA. A concise dictionary of cytology. Leningrad: Meditsina; 1968. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Simonyan GA. Dictionary of veterinary hematological and cytomorphological terms. Moscow: Rosagropromizdat; 1989. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Tekhver YuT. Glossary of veterinary histology terms. Moscow: Rosagropromizdat; 1989. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Elsevier Health Sciences. Dorland’s illustrated medical dictionary. 32nd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Babukhin AI. Histology by lectures of Ordinary Professor Babukhin. Moscow: ZAO «Retinoidy»; 2010. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Kanaev II. Goethe as a naturalist. Leningrad: Nauka; 1970. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Samusev RP. Human anatomy in eponyms: a reference book. Moscow: Oniks; Mir i obrazovaniye; 2007. (In Russ.) EDN: QKPLQV</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Samusev RP, Goncharov NI. Eponyms in morphology. Moscow: Meditsina; 1989. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Zavarzin AA. A course in histology. Pt. 1. General histology. Moscow–Leningrad: OGIZ–Gos. med. izd-vo; 1933. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Bogolyubov AN. Robert Hooke. Kozhevnikov SN, editor. Moscow: Nauka; 1984. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Katsnelson ZS. Cellular theory in its historical development. Leningrad: Medgiz; 1963. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Vermel EM. History of cell science. Moscow: Nauka; 1970. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Speransky VS, Goncharov NI. Outlines of the history of anatomy. Volgograd: Izdatel’; 2012. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Schwann T. Microscopic studies on conformity in the structure and growth of animals and plants. Editorial, introductory article and comments by Professor Z.S. Katsnelson. With an addition article of M.Ya. Shleiden. Moscow–Leningrad: Izdat-vo Akademii nauk SSSR; 1939. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Danilov RK, Klishov AA, Borovaya TG. Human histology in multimedia. Saint Petersburg: ELBI-SPb; 2003. (In Russ.) EDN: QKLYLR</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Shevlyuk NN. Histologists, cytologists and embryologists of Russia (XVIII – beginning of XXI century). Short scientific and biographical reference book. Orenburg: Izdat-vo OrGMU; 2023. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Gubsky EF, editor. Nobel laureates. Encyclopedia: A–L. [English translation]. Moscow: Progress; 1992. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Gubsky EF, editor. Nobel laureates. Encyclopedia: M–Ya. [English translation]. Moscow: Progress; 1992. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Cholakov V. Nobel Prizes. Scientists and discoveries. [Translation from Bulgarian]. Shamin AN, editor. Moscow: Mir; 1986. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Banin VV, Bykov VL, editors. Terminologia Histologica. International terms for human cytology and histology with an official list of Russian equivalents. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media; 2009. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Kölliker A. Histology, or the doctrine of human tissues. Saint Petersburg; 1865. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Maksimov AA. Fundamentals of histology. Saint Petersburg: Izdat-vo K.L. Rikkera; 1914–1915. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Shter F. Textbook of microscopic human anatomy. 4th Russian edition, newly revised and updated by A.S. Dogel with the close participation of A.V. Nemilov. Vol. 1. Petrograd: Izdat-vo K.L. Rikkera; 1917. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Karpov V. An elementary course in histology. 5th ed. Petrograd–Kiev: Izdat-vo «Sotrudnik»; 1917. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Nemilov AV. General course in microscopic anatomy of man and animals. Leningrad–Moscow: Gosud. izdat-vo; 1925. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Shter F, Mellendorf V. Textbook of histology. Vermel’ EM, Beletskiy VK, editors. Moscow–Leningrad: Biomedgiz; 1936. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Bykov VL. Cytology and general histology (functional morphology of human cells and tissues). Saint Petersburg: SOTIS; 2001. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Pekarsky MI, Zakharov VB. General and age-related human histology: Etudes. Moscow: Ekon-inform; 2014. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Odintsova IA, Rusakova SE, Slutskaya DR, Mirgorodskaya OE. Academician K.M. Baer. Life in the name of science. Saint Petersburgb: VMedA; 2024. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Raikov BE. Christian Pander: Eminent evolutionary biologist. Polyansky YuI, editor. Moscow–Leningrad: Nauka; 1964. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Shevliuk NN. To 275th anniversary of birth of kaspar friedrich wolff (1734-1794) and to 250thanniversary of publication of his work “theoria generationis”. Morphology. 2009;135(3):80–84. (In Russ.) EDN: KNWAGX</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>Lukina TA. Kaspar Friedrich Wolf in Saint Petersburg. Arkhiv anat. 1973;84(4):60–68. (In Russ.) EDN: UFFEHE</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>Knorre AG. Embryonic histogenesis. Leningrad: Meditsina. Leningradskoe otdelenie; 1971. (In Russ.) EDN: VHYGGP</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>Waddington C. Morphogenesis and genetics. Moscow: Mir; 1964. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>Klishov AA. Historical and epistemological analysis of the concept of “tissue”. Arkhiv anat. 1982;83(7):74–93. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>Kochetov NN. Definition of the concept of “tissue”. Arkhiv anat. 1984;86(3):83–94. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>Shchelkunov SI. Cell theory and the doctrine of tissues. Leningrad: Medgiz. Leningradskoe otdelenie; 1958. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><mixed-citation>Danilov RK. Histogenetic basis of neuromuscular relationships. Saint Petersburg: VMedA; 1996. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B52"><label>52.</label><mixed-citation>Khlopin NG. General biological and experimental principles of histology. Leningrad: Izdat-vo Akad. nauk SSSR; 1946. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B53"><label>53.</label><mixed-citation>Zavarzin AA. Essays on the evolutionary histology of blood and connective tissue. Moscow: Narkomzdrav SSSR. Medgiz; 1945. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B54"><label>54.</label><mixed-citation>Subbotin MYa. Logical structure of histology lectures. Novosibirsk: NGMI, IKEM; 1974. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B55"><label>55.</label><mixed-citation>Shevliuk NN, Stadnikov AA. The concept of tissues: the history and the present. Morphology. 2014;145(2):74–78. (In Russ.) EDN: SCMXYF</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B56"><label>56.</label><mixed-citation>Shevlyuk NN, Stadnikov AA. Tissue science and histology in the system of biomedical scientific and educational disciplines. Morphology. 2023;161(2):7–46. (In Russ.) doi: 10.17816/morph.624206 EDN: CKAUIM</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B57"><label>57.</label><mixed-citation>Kopaev YuN, editor. International histological nomenclature Nomina Histologica. Moscow: Meditsina; 1973. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B58"><label>58.</label><mixed-citation>Shevlyuk NN. Development of fundamental and applied problems of histology, cytology and embryology in the Volga region, the Urals and Western Siberia in the XX-early XXI century. Creation of scientific schools. Orenburg: Izdat-vo OrGMU; 2022. (In Russ.) EDN: GAXRHA</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B59"><label>59.</label><mixed-citation>Kopaev YuN, editor. International histological nomenclature (in latin, russian and ukrainian). Kiev: Vishcha shkola; 1980. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B60"><label>60.</label><mixed-citation>Semchenko VV, Samusev RP, Moiseev MV, Kolosovaya ZL. International histological nomenclature (in latin, russian and english). Omsk: Meditsinskaya akademiya; 1999. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B61"><label>61.</label><mixed-citation>Federative International Committee on Anatomical Terminology. Terminologia Histologica. international terms for human cytology and histology. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins; 2008.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B62"><label>62.</label><mixed-citation>Kolesnikov LL, Shevlyuk NN, L.M. Erofeeva LM. Terminologia Embryologica. International terms of human embryology (with an official list of russian equivalents). Moscow: GEOTAR-Media; 2014. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B63"><label>63.</label><mixed-citation>Singh I. Textbook of human histology: with color atlas and practical guide. 8th ed. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers; 2016.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B64"><label>64.</label><mixed-citation>Singh I. Textbook of human histology: with color atlas and practical guide. 9th ed. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers; 2019.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B65"><label>65.</label><mixed-citation>Mescher AL. Junqueira’s basis histology: text and atlas. 15th ed. McGraw-Hill Education; 2018.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B66"><label>66.</label><mixed-citation>Owalle WK, Nahirney PC. Netter’s essential histology: with correlated histopathology. 3rd ed. Elsevier; 2020.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B67"><label>67.</label><mixed-citation>Varga I, Gálfiová P, Blanková A, et al. Terminologia Histologica 10 years on: some disputable terms in need of discussion and recent developments. Ann Anat. 2019;226:16–22. doi: 10.1016/j.aanat.2019.07.005</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B68"><label>68.</label><mixed-citation>Vásquez B, del Sol M. The Terminologia Histologica in the Medical Sciences. Int J Morphol. 2014;32(1):375–380.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
