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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Morphology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Morphology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Морфология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1026-3543</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2949-2556</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">642000</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/morph.642000</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">OZYUVX</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Научные обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Structural and Functional Features of the Glymphatic System: a Contemporary Perspective</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Структурные и функциональные особенности глимфатической системы головного мозга: современный взгляд на проблему</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>脑部淋巴系统的结构与功能特点：问题的现代视角</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7771-6769</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4386-7194</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Klyueva</surname><given-names>Lyudmila A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Клюева</surname><given-names>Людмила Анатольевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Klyueva</surname><given-names>Lyudmila A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Associate Professor</p></bio><email>moloko1978@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2180-1855</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Averin</surname><given-names>Damir A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Аверин</surname><given-names>Дамир Александрович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Averin</surname><given-names>Damir A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>averin.damir@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6295-8781</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7564-9884</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vasyanina</surname><given-names>Karina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Васянина</surname><given-names>Карина Асхабовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Vasyanina</surname><given-names>Karina A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Associate Professor</p></bio><email>gar-karina@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-05-05" publication-format="electronic"><day>05</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-06-23" publication-format="electronic"><day>23</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>163</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>93</fpage><lpage>105</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-11-17"><day>17</day><month>11</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-02-12"><day>12</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2025,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2027-06-23"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://j-morphology.com/1026-3543/article/view/642000">https://j-morphology.com/1026-3543/article/view/642000</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The aging of the population in developed countries is a trend of major medical and social significance. In this regard, the study of the etiology and pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, as well as the search for effective treatment methods, is of particular relevance. For a long time, it was believed that metabolic waste products were drained from the brain parenchyma’s interstitial fluid into the ventricular system. However, the discovery of the brain’s glymphatic system has significantly advanced our understanding of the mechanisms underlying pathologies associated with impaired clearance of metabolites from the brain. This scientific review outlines the main directions in the study of the functional morphology of the glymphatic system under normal conditions. It provides a detailed description of two theories of cerebrospinal fluid outflow and presents a critical analysis of both Russian and international research data. Under normal conditions, the function of the glymphatic system is influenced by heart rate, intracranial pressure, pulse and arterial pressure, as well as the phase of the respiratory cycle. In addition, sleep quality, head position during sleep, and exposure to toxic substances directly affect glymphatic system activity. The review also highlights recent data on the glymphatic system of the visual organs. Further research into the morphofunctional characteristics of the glymphatic system under normal conditions may greatly expand our fundamental understanding of disease pathogenesis and contribute to the development of new approaches to treatment and prevention.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Большую медико-социальную значимость имеет тенденция к старению населения развитых стран. В связи с этим особенную актуальность имеет изучение этиологии и патогенеза нейродегенеративных заболеваний, а также поиск методов их лечения. Долгое время считалось, что продукты метаболизма дренируются из интерстициальной жидкости паренхимы мозга в систему желудочков. Однако открытие особой глимфатической системы головного мозга позволило значительно продвинуться в понимании природы патологий, связанных с нарушением процесса очищения головного мозга от метаболитов. Научный обзор отражает основные направления в изучении функциональной морфологии глимфатической системы в норме. В нём детально описаны две теории оттока ликвора и критически проанализированы данные отечественных и зарубежных исследований. В норме функция глимфатической системы зависит от частоты сердечных сокращений, уровня внутричерепного, пульсового и артериального давления, а также от фазы дыхательного цикла. Кроме того, на работу глимфатической системы оказывают непосредственное влияние качество сна, положение головы во время сна и токсические вещества, потребляемые человеком. В обзоре приведены «свежие» данные о глимфатической системе органов зрения. Дальнейшие исследования морфофункциональных особенностей глимфатической системы в норме могут существенно расширить фундаментальные представления о патогенезе заболеваний, а также способствовать разработке методов их лечения и профилактики.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>发达国家人口老龄化的趋势具有重要的医学与社会意义。因此，研究神经退行性疾病的病因和发病机制，以及探索其治疗方法，尤为重要。长期以来，代谢产物被认为是通过脑实质间质液进入脑室系统而被清除的。然而，脑部特殊的脑淋巴系统（glymphatic system）的发现，极大地推动了人们对脑部代谢产物清除机制障碍相关疾病本质的理解。本综述反映了脑淋巴系统在正常状态下功能形态学研究的主要方向。文中详细介绍了两种脑脊液回流理论，并对俄罗斯与国外的研究数据进行了批判性分析。在正常情况下，脑淋巴系统的功能取决于心率、颅内压、脉压、动脉压以及呼吸周期的阶段。此外，脑淋巴系统的功能还直接受到睡眠质量、睡眠时头部位置以及人体摄入的毒性物质的影响。文中还列举了有关视觉器官脑淋巴系统的最新研究数据。对脑淋巴系统在正常状态下形态与功能特点的进一步研究，将有助于拓展对疾病发病机制的基本认识，并促进治疗与预防方法的开发。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>glymphatic system</kwd><kwd>perivascular space</kwd><kwd>Virchow–Robin space</kwd><kwd>cerebrospinal fluid</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>глимфатическая система</kwd><kwd>периваскулярное пространство</kwd><kwd>пространство Вирхова–Робина</kwd><kwd>ликвор</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>脑淋巴系统</kwd><kwd>血管周围间隙</kwd><kwd>Virchow–Robin间隙</kwd><kwd>脑脊液</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Louveau A, Smirnov I, Keyes TJ, et al. 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