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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Morphology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Morphology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Морфология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1026-3543</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2949-2556</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">642219</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/morph.642219</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">VDYDOJ</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Study Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Biocompatibility of barium-doped dicalcium phosphate dihydrate obtained via low-temperature synthesis for use in regenerative medicine</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Биосовместимость полученного низкотемпературным синтезом и легированного катионами бария дикальцийфосфат дигидрата для применения в регенеративной медицине</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>用于再生医学的低温合成钡离子掺杂二水磷酸氢钙的生物相容性研究</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5437-7052</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5022-2890</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Smirnova</surname><given-names>Polina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Смирнова</surname><given-names>Полина Викторовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Smirnova</surname><given-names>Polina V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>smirnova-imet@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1405-2607</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5514-8643</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Teterina</surname><given-names>Anastasia Y.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тетерина</surname><given-names>Анастасия Юрьевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Teterina</surname><given-names>Anastasia Y.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Engineering)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. техн. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Cand. Sci. (Engineering)</p></bio><email>teterina_imet@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3602-0276</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3680-5330</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Smirnov</surname><given-names>Igor V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Смирнов</surname><given-names>Игорь Валерьевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Smirnov</surname><given-names>Igor V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>baldyriz@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8498-4566</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9217-1374</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Minaychev</surname><given-names>Vladislav V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Минайчев</surname><given-names>Владислав Валентинович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Minaychev</surname><given-names>Vladislav V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><email>vminaychev@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0959-8072</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2594-8099</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Salynkin</surname><given-names>Pavel S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Салынкин</surname><given-names>Павел Сергеевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Salynkin</surname><given-names>Pavel S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>salynkin.p.s@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6846-9994</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5611-8437</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kobyakova</surname><given-names>Margarita I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кобякова</surname><given-names>Маргарита Игоревна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Kobyakova</surname><given-names>Margarita I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>kobyakovami@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0194-6922</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2935-4432</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pyatina</surname><given-names>Kira V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пятина</surname><given-names>Кира Вадимовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Pyatina</surname><given-names>Kira V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>kirapyatina01@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6148-5211</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6332-6772</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Meshcheriakova</surname><given-names>Elena I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мещерякова</surname><given-names>Елена Ивановна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Meshcheriakova</surname><given-names>Elena I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>elena.mesh2311@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1709-9970</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6475-1023</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Fadeeva</surname><given-names>Irina S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фадеева</surname><given-names>Ирина Сергеевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Fadeeva</surname><given-names>Irina S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><email>fadeeva.iteb@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4544-2817</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">7004365385</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5876-1906</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Barinov</surname><given-names>Sergey M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Баринов</surname><given-names>Сергей Миронович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Barinov</surname><given-names>Sergey M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Engineering), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р техн. наук, профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Dr. Sci. (Engineering), Professor</p></bio><email>barinov_s@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2068-7746</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2668-0066</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Komlev</surname><given-names>Vladimir S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Комлев</surname><given-names>Владимир Сергеевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Komlev</surname><given-names>Vladimir S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Engineering), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р техн. наук, профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Dr. Sci. (Engineering), Professor</p></bio><email>komlev@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт металлургии и материаловедения им. А.А. Байкова РАН</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт теоретической и экспериментальной биофизики РАН</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-06-19" publication-format="electronic"><day>19</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-08-06" publication-format="electronic"><day>06</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>163</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>220</fpage><lpage>233</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-11-25"><day>25</day><month>11</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-04-03"><day>03</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2025,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2028-08-06"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://j-morphology.com/1026-3543/article/view/642219">https://j-morphology.com/1026-3543/article/view/642219</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold>Synthetic materials based on calcium phosphate compounds (CPCs) are increasingly used in modern regenerative medicine to stimulate bone tissue regeneration. AIM: The work aimed to assess key parameters of biocompatibility<italic> in vitro</italic>, including the content of acidic compartments and reactive oxygen species production, during the interaction of human macrophages with low-temperature-synthesized barium doped dicalcium phosphate dihydrate under normal and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory conditions.</p> <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Morphology and qualitative and quantitative elemental composition of dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) powder and its barium-doped form (DCPD-Ba) were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Cell viability, lysosomal content, and reactive oxygen species production were assessed by flow cytometry after co-culturing primary human macrophages with DCPD and DCPD-Ba under both normal and LPS-stimulated conditions.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>Barium-doped DCPD samples were synthesized using a low-temperature method at Ba²⁺ concentrations of 1%, 5%, and 10% of the theoretically possible substitution level (theor.%). For each variant, the calculated actual substitution percentage amounted to 0.62, 1.43, and 6.43 atomic %, respectively. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed complete transformation of the initial α-tricalcium phosphate into DCPD at all Ba<sup>2+</sup> concentrations. The infrared spectroscopy data validated the conformity of DCPD structure to the reference standard across all Ba<sup>2+</sup> doping levels. Doping with Ba<sup>2+</sup> ions has been found to enhance the hydration activity of DCPD and cause deformation of its crystal structure. The results of<italic> in vitro</italic> studies indicate that substitution of Ca<sup>2+</sup> with Ba<sup>2+</sup> in the DCPD structure does not affect the cytotoxic properties of the material. Furthermore, DCPD-Ba did not suppress lysosomal biogenesis and promoted reactive oxygen species production in non-activated macrophages, whereas suppressing reactive oxygen species production under LPS-induced inflammatory conditions.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold><italic> </italic>Thus, both DCPD and its Ba substituted variants represent promising candidates for incorporation into materials intended for regenerative medicine. The proposed low temperature synthesis of Ba<sup>2+</sup>-substituted DCPD is of considerable interest for the development of specialized osteoplastic CPC based materials. The most effective DCPD variant, with the highest Ca<sup>2+</sup>-to-Ba<sup>2+</sup> substitution level (6.43 atomic %), demonstrated potential regulatory activity on activated macrophages (i.e., under inflammatory conditions). This property may be of critical importance for modulating the immune response and promoting effective osteointegration of the material in the recipient’s body.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование</bold>. Для стимуляции регенерации костной ткани в современной регенеративной медицине всё чаще используются синтетические материалы на основе кальций-фосфатных соединений (КФС). Цель — оценить основные параметры биосовместимости, включая содержание кислотных компартментов и продукцию активных форм кислорода, <italic>in vitro</italic> при контакте макрофагов человека с порошком низкотемпературного дигидрата дикальцийфосфата, легированного катионами бария — в нормальных условиях и в условиях воспаления, индуцированного липополисахаридом (ЛПС).</p> <p><bold>Методы</bold>. С использованием методов сканирующей электронной микроскопии, инфракрасной спектроскопии, энергодисперсионной рент геновской спектроскопии и рентгенофазового анализа проведена оценка морфологии, а также качественного и количественного элементного состава порошка дикальцийфосфат дигидрата (ДКФД) и его формы, лигированной катионами бария (ДКФД-Ba). Методом проточной цитометрии исследовали жизнеспособность клеток, а также оценили содержание лизосом и уровень продукции активных форм кислорода при совместном культивировании первичной культуры макрофагов человека с образцами ДКФД и ДКФД-Ba в нормальных условиях и при ЛПС-активации макрофагов.</p> <p><bold>Результаты</bold>. Низкотемпературным методом синтеза получены образцы ДКФД, легированного катионами бария в концентрациях 1, 5 и 10% теоретически возможного уровня замещения. Для каждого варианта рассчитан практически полученный % замещения, составив ший 0,62, 1,43 и 6,43 атомных %, соответственно. Результаты рентгенофазового анализа показали полную трансформацию исходного альфа-трикальцийфосфата в ДКФД при всех вводимых концентрациях Ba<sup>2+</sup>. Результаты инфракрасной спектроскопии также подтверди ли полное соответствие ДКФД эталонной структуре при всех использованных концентрациях Ba<sup>2+</sup>. Обнаружено, что легирование иона ми Ba<sup>2+</sup> усиливает гидратационную активность ДКФД и деформирует его кристаллическую структуру. Результаты <italic>in vitro</italic> исследований свидетельствуют о том, что замещение ионов Ca<sup>2+</sup> на Ba<sup>2+</sup> в структуре ДКФД не влияет на его цитотоксические свойства. Кроме того, ДКФД-Ва не подавляет биогенез лизосом в клетках, а также увеличивает продукцию активных форм кислорода в неактивированных макрофагах, но подавляет их продукцию в провоспалительных условиях, индуцированных ЛПС.</p> <p><bold>Заключение</bold>. Таким образом, как ДКФД, так и его Ba<sup>2+</sup> замещённые варианты являются перспективными кандидатами для использования в составе материалов, предназначенных для нужд регенеративной медицины. Предложенный подход низкотемпературного синтеза Ba2+-замещённых вариантов ДКФД представляет значительный интерес для получения специализированных остеопластических КФС-материалов. Наиболее эффективный вариант ДКФД с максимальной степенью замещения ионов Ca<sup>2+</sup> на Ba<sup>2+</sup> (6,43 атомных %) обладает потенциальным регуляторным действием на активированные макрофаги (то есть в воспалительных условиях). Это свойство может быть крайне важным для регуляции иммунного ответа и эффективной остеоинтеграции материала в организме реципиента.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>论证。钙磷化合物（calcium phosphate compounds, CPC）合成材料在现代再生医学中日益广泛应用于刺激骨组织再生。该类材料的优势包括无原发免疫原性、良好的成骨传导性以及一定的成骨诱导潜力。近年来，向钙磷陶瓷中引入生物活性离子被认为是调控CPC性能的最具前景策略之一。这一方法有助于实现CPC的可控降解，改善其生物力学特性，并增强生物活性，从而实现材料在不同损伤类型、疾病状态或患者年龄群体中的精准应用。</p> <p>目的：在正常条件及脂多糖（lipopolysaccharide, LPS）诱导的炎症条件下，评价钡离子掺杂的低温合成二水磷酸氢钙粉体与人源巨噬细胞接触时的主要体外生物相容性参数，包括酸性区室的含量和活性氧的生成水平。</p> <p>方法。采用扫描电子显微镜、红外光谱、能谱分析和X射线衍射分析，对二水磷酸氢钙（dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, DCPD）及其钡掺杂变体（DCPD barium-doped form, DCPD-Ba）粉体的形貌、元素组成及物相结构进行定性和定量评估。通过流式细胞术分析人源初代巨噬细胞的存活率、溶酶体含量和活性氧生成水平，并在正常状态和LPS活化条件下与DCPD或DCPD-Ba样品共培养。</p> <p>结果。采用低温合成方法制备了掺杂Ba<sup>2+</sup>离子的DCPD样品，其掺杂浓度分别为理论可能取代率的1%、5%和10%（%理论）。每种掺杂水平的实际取代率分别为0.62%、1.43%和6.43%原子百分比。X射线衍射分析结果表明，所有Ba<sup>2+</sup>浓度下，原始α-三钙磷酸均完全转化为DCPD。红外光谱进一步证实，在所有Ba<sup>2+</sup>掺杂浓度下，所制备样品的结构均与DCPD标准一致。发现Ba<sup>2+</sup>掺杂增强了DCPD的水化活性并引起其晶体结构变形。体外研究结果表明，DCPD中Ca<sup>2+</sup>被Ba<sup>2+</sup>部分取代不会产生细胞毒性。此外，DCPD-Ba不会抑制细胞的溶酶体生成；在未激活的巨噬细胞中可促进活性氧的产生，而在经LPS诱导的促炎状态下则能抑制活性氧的生成。因此，DCPD及其多种Ba取代形式均为具有潜力的再生医学候选材料。</p> <p>结论。在人源巨噬细胞培养体系中，无论是在正常条件还是LPS诱导的促炎环境下，所有已制备的Ba取代形式的DCPD样品在1 mg/mL植入推荐浓度下均无细胞毒性。Ba<sup>2+</sup>的引入不仅未对材料的生物相容性产生负面影响，反而通过在LPS诱导的炎症条件下抑制活性氧的生成，进一步提升了其生物适应性。所提出的Ba<sup>2+</sup>取代型DCPD的低温合成策略，为获得专用型骨修复CPC材料提供了新的研究方向。Ca<sup>2+</sup>被Ba<sup>2+</sup>最大程度取代（6.43原子%）的DCPD变体对活化的巨噬细胞（即炎症条件下）具有潜在的调节作用。这一特性对于调节免疫反应和促进材料在受体体内的骨整合具有重要意义。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>low-temperature synthesis</kwd><kwd>calcium phosphate compounds</kwd><kwd>dicalcium phosphate dihydrate</kwd><kwd>doping</kwd><kwd>barium ions</kwd><kwd>regenerative medicine</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>низкотемпературный синтез</kwd><kwd>кальций-фосфатные соединения</kwd><kwd>дикальцийфосфат дигидрат</kwd><kwd>легирование</kwd><kwd>ионы бария</kwd><kwd>регенеративная медицина</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>低温合成</kwd><kwd>钙磷化合物</kwd><kwd>二水磷酸氢钙</kwd><kwd>掺杂</kwd><kwd>钡离子</kwd><kwd>再生医学</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="zh">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>21-73-20251</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Navarro M, Aparicio C, Charles-Harris M, et al. 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