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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Morphology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Morphology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Морфология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1026-3543</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2949-2556</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">643206</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/morph.643206</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">IWAABY</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Научные обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Cell therapy of radiation injury in experimental models</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Клеточная коррекция радиационного поражения в эксперименте</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>实验性放射损伤的细胞学矫正</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9267-5800</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3734-5479</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chrishtop</surname><given-names>Vladimir V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Криштоп</surname><given-names>Владимир Владимирович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Chrishtop</surname><given-names>Vladimir  V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD<bold>, </bold>Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD<bold>, </bold>Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><email>chrishtop@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4987-9262</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1035-3261</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pashchenko</surname><given-names>Pavel S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пащенко</surname><given-names>Павел Степанович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names>Pavel S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), professor</p></bio><email>pashchenkops@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Anisin</surname><given-names>Alexey V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Анисин</surname><given-names>Алексей Владимирович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Anisin</surname><given-names>Alexey V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><email>av.anisin@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1188-7204</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1048-9599</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Spirina</surname><given-names>Tatyana S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Спирина</surname><given-names>Татьяна Сергеевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Spirina</surname><given-names>Tatyana S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат биологических наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><email>ScoX1@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4992-9702</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2357-5440</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gaivoronskaya</surname><given-names>Maria G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гайворонская</surname><given-names>Мария Георгиевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Gaivoronskaya</surname><given-names>Maria G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), assistant professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, доцент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), assistant professor</p></bio><email>solnushko12@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kirov Military Medical Academy</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Военно-медицинская академия им. С.М. Кирова</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Kirov Military Medical Academy</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Saint-Petersburg State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Saint-Petersburg State University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Almazov National Medical Research Centre</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр им. В.А. Алмазова</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Almazov National Medical Research Centre</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-09-12" publication-format="electronic"><day>12</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-25" publication-format="electronic"><day>25</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>164</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>16</fpage><lpage>36</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-12-19"><day>19</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-06-09"><day>09</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2025,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2028-12-25"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://j-morphology.com/1026-3543/article/view/643206">https://j-morphology.com/1026-3543/article/view/643206</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Considering their significant histophysiological effects, stem cells and extracellular vesicles are a promising approach in both military and civilian medicine for the treatment of acute radiation syndrome. This review aimed to summarize experimental data on the potential use of stem cells and their extracellular vesicles in radiation injuries. A systematic review was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of transplanting various types of cells (mesenchymal, hematopoietic, and neural stem cells, as well as progenitor cells) and extracellular vesicles in experimental radiation injury. The analysis included 13 Russian-language and 96 international publications from January 2002 to April 2024.</p> <p>The review discusses the cellular effects observed in experimental models of radiation injuries and local radiation exposure at doses ranging from 1 Gy to 110 Gy. It summarizes the therapeutic effects of stem cells and extracellular vesicles, particularly their influence on stem cell niches. The primary mechanism behind this therapy is a paracrine effect mediated by extracellular vesicles. This paracrine action enhances the survival of endogenous stem cells while reducing their apoptosis. This cell therapy has been shown to increase survival of animals with bone marrow and intestine radiation injuries and accelerate recovery from local radiation injuries.</p> <p>In recent decades, mesenchymal stromal cell transplantation has been the primary focus of research owing to its efficacy in hematological, intestinal, and cerebral acute radiation syndromes. Its therapeutic action is mediated through the suppression of inflammation and modulation of the microenvironment of endogenous stem cells, thereby improving their survival and reducing apoptosis.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Применение стволовых клеток и внеклеточных везикул рассматривается как перспективное направление в военной и гражданской медицине при лечении острой лучевой болезни, что обусловлено их выраженными гистофизиологическими эффектами. Цель данного обзора — обобщить экспериментальные данные о возможностях использования стволовых клеток и их внеклеточных везикул при радиационном поражении. Проведён систематический обзор эффективности трансплантации различного типа клеток (мезенхимальных, гемопоэтических и нейральных стволовых клеток, а также клеток-предшественниц) и внеклеточных везикул при радиационном поражении в эксперименте. В анализ включены 13 русскоязычных и 96 иностранных публикаций за период с января 2002 по апрель 2024 г.</p> <p>В обзоре представлена информация о клеточных эффектах при лечении лучевой болезни в эксперименте и при местном лучевом поражении в дозах от 1 Гр до 110 Гр. Обобщены данные о терапевтическом действии стволовых клеток и внеклеточных везикул, связанном с воздействием на ниши стволовых клеток. Показано, что основным механизмом такой терапии является паракринный эффект, опосредованный внеклеточными везикулами. Паракринное действие способствует увеличению выживаемости эндогенных стволовых клеток и снижает уровень апоптоза в них. После применения такой терапии продемонстрировано увеличение выживаемости животных при костномозговой и кишечной формах лучевой болезни и более быстрое восстановление при местном лучевом поражении.</p> <p>В последние десятилетия в фокусе внимания исследователей находится трансплантация мезенхимальных стромальных клеток, которые обладают эффективностью по отношению к гематологическому, кишечному и церебральному синдромам острой лучевой болезни. Их эффект реализуется через снижение воспаления и коррекцию микроокружения эндогенных стволовых клеток, что увеличивает их выживаемость и снижает уровень апоптоза.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>干细胞及其细胞外囊泡的应用被认为是军用与民用医学中治疗急性放射病的前景性方向，这与其显著的组织生理学效应密切相关。本综述旨在汇总干细胞及其细胞外囊泡在放射损伤情况下应用的实验数据及其应用前景。进行了针对放射损伤实验中不同类型细胞（间充质、造血和神经干细胞及前体细胞）及其细胞外囊泡移植疗效的系统综述。共纳入2002年1月至2024年4月期间发表的13篇俄文和96篇外文文献。</p> <p>综述介绍了在实验性急性放射病和局部放射损伤治疗中观察到的细胞学效应，剂量范围为1至110 Gy。综述汇总了干细胞及细胞外囊泡的治疗作用数据，这些作用与其对干细胞龛环境的影响有关。研究表明，该疗法的核心机制是由细胞外囊泡介导的旁分泌效应。旁分泌作用可促进内源性干细胞的存活，并降低其凋亡水平。应用此类治疗后，在骨髓型与肠道型放射病模型中动物生存率提高，且局部放射损伤的组织修复加快。</p> <p>近几十年来，间充质基质细胞移植受到广泛关注，其在急性放射病的造血、肠道及脑综合征方面表现出显著疗效。其作用机制主要通过抑制炎症反应并调节内源性干细胞的微环境，从而提高干细胞的存活率并减少凋亡。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>radiation injuries</kwd><kwd>radiation</kwd><kwd>regenerative medicine</kwd><kwd>stem cells</kwd><kwd>transplantation</kwd><kwd>extracellular vesicles</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>лучевая болезнь</kwd><kwd>радиация</kwd><kwd>регенеративная медицина</kwd><kwd>стволовые клетки</kwd><kwd>трансплантация</kwd><kwd>внеклеточные везикулы</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>关键词：放射病</kwd><kwd>辐射</kwd><kwd>再生医学</kwd><kwd>干细胞</kwd><kwd>移植</kwd><kwd>细胞外囊泡</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Karamullin MA, Chepur SV, Samokhvalov IM, et al. 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