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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Morphology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Morphology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Морфология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1026-3543</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2949-2556</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">646869</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/morph.646869</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">VRETTE</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Научные обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Experimental models of chronic wounds</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Экспериментальные модели хронических ран</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>慢性创伤的实验模型</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9927-5608</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1118-4358</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kopylov</surname><given-names>Evgeniy D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Копылов</surname><given-names>Евгений Дмитриевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Kopylov</surname><given-names>Evgeniy D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>zhenya.lopylov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1546-5129</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4001-4715</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Presnyakov</surname><given-names>Evgeniy V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пресняков</surname><given-names>Евгений Валерьевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Presnyakov</surname><given-names>Evgeniy V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>uvpres@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2884-0565</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2066-9164</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tolgsky</surname><given-names>Mikhail V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Толгский</surname><given-names>Михаил Васильевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Tolgsky</surname><given-names>Mikhail V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>MVTolgskiy@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8871-3317</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5603-0036</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Andreeva</surname><given-names>Anastasia N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Андреева</surname><given-names>Анастасия Николаевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Andreeva</surname><given-names>Anastasia N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>Mmm.andreeva7728@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1514-589X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2582-1365</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Somov</surname><given-names>Nikita A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сомов</surname><given-names>Никита Андреевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Somov</surname><given-names>Nikita A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>Workszgmu@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9012-2492</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2335-6969</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Revkova</surname><given-names>Maria V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ревкова</surname><given-names>Мария Васильевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Revkova</surname><given-names>Maria V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>lame_horse15@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0138-5614</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9083-5715</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bozo</surname><given-names>Ilya Y.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бозо</surname><given-names>Илья Ядигерович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Bozo</surname><given-names>Ilya Y.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><email>ilya-bozo-1989@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Histograft LLC</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ООО «Гистографт»</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Histograft LLC</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный центр хирургии им. акад. Б.В. Петровского</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Северо-Западный государственный медицинский университет им. И.И. Мечникова</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-05-13" publication-format="electronic"><day>13</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-08-06" publication-format="electronic"><day>06</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>163</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>176</fpage><lpage>185</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-02-01"><day>01</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-03-05"><day>05</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2025,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2028-08-06"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://j-morphology.com/1026-3543/article/view/646869">https://j-morphology.com/1026-3543/article/view/646869</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Management of chronic, non-healing wounds is one of the pressing challenges in surgery. Demonstrating the effectiveness of novel drugs and medical devices is essential for their implementation in clinical practice. For this purpose, many animal models of wound healing have been developed, including in small rodents, which, however, have a specific skin structure and soft tissue regeneration. This review presents comparative characteristics of the main experimental wound models, including chronic ones, and describes their benefits and limitations.</p> <p>Experimental studies most commonly involve mice, rats, and rabbits due to their relatively low cost and ease of maintenance. The most widely used wound modeling method is the creation of an excisional skin defect (with or without modifications) on the back of rodents. This model is technically simple and allows for partial reproduction of various pathological conditions. Although none of the models fully replicates the chronic wound healing process, modeling in small rodents (mice, rats) and rabbits remains the primary approach for studying regeneration and evaluating the efficacy of therapeutic interventions. Excisional and incisional wound models on the back of rodents are popular due to their simplicity and reproducibility. However, a significant limitation of these models is rapid wound closure by contraction, which is uncharacteristic of human healing. Chronic wound models (splinting, tail wounds in mice or ear wounds in rabbits, hyperglycemia, and others) more accurately reproduce the healing process and better reflect clinical situations. The choice of a specific model depends on the study aims and the species-specific features of laboratory animals. Moreover, the short healing period in animals often limits the ability to assess treatment efficacy. Improving and standardizing existing wound models, as well as developing novel experimental approaches, remain important tasks for regenerative medicine and surgery.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Одной из актуальных задач хирургии является коррекция длительно незаживающих, хронических ран. Подтверждение эффективности разрабатываемых препаратов и медицинских изделий необходимо для их внедрения в практическую медицину. С этой целью разработано множество моделей раневого процесса на животных, в том числе на мелких грызунах, которые, однако, имеют особенности строения кожи и регенерации мягких тканей. В данном обзоре представлены сравнительные характеристики основных экспериментальных моделей ран, включая хронические, а также описаны их преимущества и недостатки.</p> <p>В экспериментальных исследованиях чаще всего используют мышей, крыс и кроликов в связи с их относительно невысокой стоимостью и доступностью содержания. Наиболее распространённый вариант моделирования ран — формирование эксцизионного кожного дефекта (с модификациями и без) на спине у грызунов. Эта модель проста в выполнении и даёт возможность частично воспроизводить различные патологические состояния. Несмотря на то, что ни одна из моделей в полной мере не воспроизводит хронический процесс заживления ран, моделирование на мелких грызунах (мышах, крысах) и кроликах остаётся основным методом изучения регенерации и оценки эффективности разрабатываемого лечения. Эксцизионные и инцизионные модели ран на спине грызунов широко используются из-за простоты и воспроизводимости. Однако важным ограничением этих моделей является быстрое заживление путём контракции, что не характерно для человека. Модели хронических ран (шинирование, раны на хвосте мыши или ухе кролика, гипергликемия и другие) более точно воспроизводят процесс заживления и приближают его к клиническим ситуациям. Выбор конкретной модели зависит от целей исследования и особенностей вида лабораторных животных. Кроме того, короткий период заживления зачастую не позволяет оценить эффективность терапии. Совершенствование и унификация существующих моделей ран, а также разработка новых экспериментальных подходов остаются важными задачами для регенеративной медицины и хирургии.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>慢性创伤及其长期不愈合的矫治仍是外科领域中的重要研究课题。为使新开发的药物和医疗器械能够进入临床应用，必须确认其疗效。为此，已建立多种动物创伤模型，包括用于小型啮齿动物的模型，尽管这类动物在皮肤结构和软组织再生方面存在一定的物种特异性。本综述对主要实验性创伤模型，包括慢性创伤模型，进行了比较分析，并阐述了其优势与局限性。</p> <p>在实验性研究中，最常使用小鼠、大鼠和家兔，这是由于其成本相对较低且易于饲养。最常见的创伤建模方式是在啮齿动物背部形成皮肤切除性缺损（可带改良，也可不带改良）。该模型操作简单，能够在一定程度上再现多种病理状态。尽管尚无模型可完全重现人类慢性创伤的愈合过程，但在小型啮齿动物（小鼠、大鼠）和家兔上建立模型，仍是研究再生机制和评估治疗效果的主要方法。啮齿动物背部的切除伤和切开伤模型因操作简便、结果可重复性强而被广泛应用。然而，这些模型的重要局限在于其通过组织收缩实现快速愈合，而这并不符合人类的创伤愈合特征。慢性创伤模型（如支架固定伤口模型、小鼠尾部创面、家兔耳部创面、高血糖等）能够更准确地再现创伤愈合过程，使其更接近临床情境。具体模型的选择应依据研究目的和所用动物种属的特点。此外，愈合时间过短往往使疗效评估变得困难。创伤模型的进一步完善与统一，以及新实验方法的开发，仍是再生医学与外科领域的重要任务。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>chronic wounds</kwd><kwd>animal models</kwd><kwd>skin defects</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>хронические раны</kwd><kwd>модели на животных</kwd><kwd>кожные дефекты</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>慢性创伤</kwd><kwd>动物模型</kwd><kwd>皮肤缺损</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Martinengo L, Olsson M, Bajpai R, et al. 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