<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.2 20190208//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.2/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Morphology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Morphology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Морфология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1026-3543</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2949-2556</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">677064</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/morph.677064</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">FISUFF</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Study Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Ultrastructural changes in the glomerular filtration barrier of the kidneys in rats following acute paraoxon poisoning</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Ультраструктурные изменения гломерулярного фильтрационного барьера почек у крыс при остром отравлении параоксоном</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>大鼠急性对氧磷中毒时肾小球滤过屏障的超微结构变化</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3457-4788</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3683-6054</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sokolova</surname><given-names>Margarita O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Соколова</surname><given-names>Маргарита Олеговна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Sokolova</surname><given-names>Margarita O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>sokolova.rita@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7775-8205</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1225-2853</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sobolev</surname><given-names>Vladislav E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Соболев</surname><given-names>Владислав Евгеньевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Sobolev</surname><given-names>Vladislav E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><email>vesob@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kirov Military Medical Academy</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Военно-медицинская академия им. С.М. Кирова</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Kirov Military Medical Academy</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт эволюционной физиологии и биохимии им. И.М. Сеченова РАН</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><content-language>ru</content-language><content-language>en</content-language><pub-date date-type="preprint" publication-format="electronic" iso-8601-date="2025-07-24"><day>24</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic" iso-8601-date="2025-10-23"><day>23</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>163</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>293</fpage><lpage>304</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-03-12"><day>12</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-04-18"><day>18</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></date></history><pub-history><event event-type="received"><event-desc>Received:<date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-03-12"><day>12</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></date></event-desc></event><event event-type="accepted"><event-desc>Accepted:<date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-04-18"><day>18</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></date></event-desc></event><event event-type="pub"><event-desc>Published:<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic" iso-8601-date="2025-10-23"><day>23</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></pub-date></event-desc></event></pub-history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2025,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2028-10-23"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://j-morphology.com/1026-3543/article/view/677064">https://j-morphology.com/1026-3543/article/view/677064</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Paraoxon is an organophosphate compound, chronic poisoning by which has various manifestations. Individuals exposed to organophosphates often develop glomerular and/or tubular sclerosis. Ultrastructural changes in the glomerular filtration barrier (GFB) of the kidneys in experimentally induced acute paraoxon poisoning have not been described in available scientific publications, underscoring the relevance of this study.</p> <p><bold>AIM: </bold>This study aimed to identify ultrastructural changes in the glomerular filtration barrier of the kidneys in rats following acute paraoxon poisoning in sublethal doses.</p> <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Kidney fragments were obtained from male outbred albino rats (<italic>Rattus norvegicus</italic>) 1, 3, and 7 days after paraoxon poisoning. Three modes of paraoxon exposure were used. Immunohistochemical, electron microscopy, and morphometric analyses were performed on the kidney tissue, followed by statistical analysis of the results.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>Ultrastructural changes in the GFB were observed in all modes of paraoxon exposure. Endothelial cells of glomerular capillaries showed an increased diameter of fenestrations, accompanied by a decrease in their density. Podocytes exhibited changes in the size of the foot processes and a reduction in the number of third-order extensions that normally adhere to the glomerular basement membrane. All three experimental groups showed an increase in the thickness of the glomerular basement membrane on day 7 after poisoning. The most pronounced morphological changes in GBF structures following paraoxon exposure were observed in the endothelial cells of the glomerular capillaries.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>Acute paraoxon poisoning leads to ultrastructural changes in the GFB in rat kidneys. The data obtained contribute to understanding the mechanisms of glomerulosclerosis development following chronic exposure to this toxin.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование. </bold>Параоксон — фосфорорганическое соединение, хроническое отравление которым имеет различные проявления. У лиц, контактирующих с фосфорорганическими соединениями, нередко выявляются гломерулярный или тубулярный склероз, а также их сочетание. Описание ультраструктурных изменений гломерулярного фильтрационного барьера (ГФБ) почек при экспериментальном моделировании острого отравления параоксоном на данный момент в доступной литературе отсутствует, что подчёркивает актуальность данного исследования.</p> <p><bold>Цель </bold>— выявить ультраструктурные изменения гломерулярного фильтрационного барьера почек у крыс при остром отравлении сублетальными дозами параоксона.</p> <p><bold>Методы.</bold> Фрагменты почек получены от самцов белых беспородных крыс <italic>Rattus norvegicus</italic> спустя 1, 3 и 7 суток после отравления параоксоном. В работе использовали три режима воздействия параоксона. Проведены иммуногистохимическое, электронно-микроскопическое и морфометрическое исследования почек, а также статистический анализ результатов.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Ультраструктурные изменения ГФБ почек наблюдаются во всех режимах воздействия параоксона. В эндотелиальных клетках клубочковых капилляров почечных телец увеличивается диаметр фенестр при одновременном уменьшении частоты их расположения. В подоцитах обнаружено изменение размеров подошвенной части цитоподий и сокращение количества отростков III порядка, примыкающих к гломерулярной базальной мембране. У животных всех трёх опытных групп увеличивается толщина гломерулярной базальной мембраны на 7 сутки после острого отравления. Наиболее выраженные морфологические изменения структур ГФБ после воздействия параоксона наблюдали в эндотелиальных клетках клубочковых капилляров.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Острое отравление параоксоном вызывает ультраструктурные изменения ГФБ почек у крыс. Полученные данные способствуют пониманию механизмов развития гломерулосклероза при хроническом воздействии токсиканта.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p><bold>论证。</bold>对氧磷是一种有机磷化合物，其慢性中毒表现多样。与有机磷化合物接触的人群中常发现肾小球或肾小管硬化，或两者兼有。目前在现有文献中尚无关于实验性急性对氧磷中毒模型下肾小球滤过屏障（glomerular filtration barrier, GFB）超微结构变化的描述，这突显了本研究的现实意义。</p> <p><bold>目的。</bold>揭示大鼠在亚致死剂量的急性对氧磷中毒情况下肾小球滤过屏障的超微结构变化。</p> <p><bold>方法。</bold>在对氧磷中毒后第1、3和7天获取无品系白化雄性大鼠（<italic>Rattus norvegicus</italic>）肾脏标本。实验中采用了三种对氧磷暴露方式。对肾脏组织进行免疫组化、透射电子显微镜和形态计量学研究，并进行了统计学分析。</p> <p><bold>结果。</bold>在所有对氧磷暴露方式下均观察到GBF的超微结构改变。在肾小球毛细血管内皮细胞中，孔径直径增加，而孔的分布频率降低。足细胞表现为足突基底部尺寸的改变，以及与肾小球基底膜相邻的三级突起数量减少。在所有三组实验动物中，中毒后第7天肾小球基底膜厚度增加。在对氧磷作用后，GFB结构中最显著的形态学变化出现在肾小球毛细血管的内皮细胞中。</p> <p><bold>结论。</bold>急性对氧磷中毒会引起大鼠GFB的超微结构改变。这些数据有助于理解慢性毒物暴露条件下肾小球硬化的发生机制。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>transmission electron microscopy</kwd><kwd>paraoxon</kwd><kwd>nephrotoxicity</kwd><kwd>glomerular filtration barrier</kwd><kwd>morphometry</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>трансмиссионная электронная микроскопия</kwd><kwd>параоксон</kwd><kwd>нефротоксичность</kwd><kwd>гломерулярный фильтрационный барьер почек</kwd><kwd>морфометрия</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>透射电子显微镜</kwd><kwd>对氧磷</kwd><kwd>肾毒性</kwd><kwd>肾小球滤过屏障</kwd><kwd>形态计量学</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Министерство науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="zh">Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>№ 075-00263-25-00</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Jacobson MH, Wu Y, Liu M, et al. Organophosphate pesticides and progression of chronic kidney disease among children: A prospective cohort study. Environ Int. 2021;155:106597. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106597 EDN: ADECUU</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Kravets I, Mallipattu SK. The role of podocytes and podocyte-associated biomarkers in diagnosis and treatment of diabetic kidney disease. J Endocr Soc. 2020;4(4):bvaa029. doi: 10.1210/jendso/bvaa029 EDN: NNEFIF</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Wan ET, Darssan D, Karatela S, et al. Association of pesticides and kidney function among adults in the US population 2001–2010. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(19):10249. doi: 10.3390/ijerph181910249 EDN: GFBOIC</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Eddleston M, Buckley NA, Eyer P, Dawson AH. Management of acute organophosphorus pesticide poisoning. Lancet. 2008;371(9612):597–607. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61202-1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Lee Y. Associations between pesticide exposure and kidney function failure. Pesticide Exposure and Kidney Function Failure. 2017;1–12. Available at: https://nature.berkeley.edu/classes/es196/projects/2017final/LeeY_2017.pdf</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Wu JH, Ma XH, Dong JH, et al. Evaluation and use of organs from donors poisoned by organophosphorus pesticide. Ann Transplant. 2023;28:e939343. doi: 10.12659/AOT.939343 EDN: ILHTGO</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Ghosh R, Siddharth M, Kare PK, et al. Role of organochlorine pesticides in chronic kidney diseases of unknown etiology. In: Rath T, editor. Chronic kidney disease – from pathophysiology to clinical improvements. InTech; 2018. P:199–214. doi: 10.5772/intechopen.71196</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Rosenberg Y, Jiang X, Mao L, et al. Development of a prophylactic butyrylcholinesterase bioscavenger to protect against insecticide toxicity using a homologous macaque model. In: Soloneski S, editor. Insecticides – Basic and Other Applications. InTech; 2012. P:79–100. doi: 10.5772/29014</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Daehn IS, Duffield IS. The glomerular filtration barrier: a structural target for novel kidney therapies. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2021;20(10):770–788. doi: 10.1038/s41573-021-00242-0 EDN: AHGYDD</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Vaughan MR, Quaggin SE. How do mesangial and endothelial cells form the glomerular tuft? J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;19(1):24–33. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2007040471 EDN: GGORRS</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Chew C, Lennon R. Basement membrane defects in genetic kidney diseases. Front Pediatr. 2018;6:11. doi: 10.3389/fped.2018.00011 EDN: YEKPOX</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Sol M, Kamps JAAM, van den Born J, et al. Glomerular endothelial cells as instigators of glomerular sclerotic diseases. Front Pharmacol. 2020;11:573557. doi: fphar.2020.573557 EDN: NVNDRY</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Ryu H, Layton AT. Tubular fluid flow and distal NaCl delivery mediated by tubuloglomerular feedback in the rat kidney. J Math Biol. 2014;68(4):1023–1049. doi: 10.1007/s00285-013-0667-5</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Karami-Mohajeri S, Ahmadipour A, Rahimi HR, Abdollahi M. Adverse effects of organophosphorus pesticides on the liver: A brief summary of four decades of research. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol. 2017;68(4):261–275. doi: 10.1515/aiht-2017-68-2989</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Schlöndorff D, Wyatt CM, Campbell KN. Revisiting the determinants of the glomerular filtration barrier: what goes round must come round. Kidney Int. 2017;92(3):533–536. doi: 10.1016/j.kint.2017.06.003</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Lawrence MG, Altenburg MK, Sanford R, et al. Permeation of macromolecules into the renal glomerular basement membrane and capture by the tubules. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2017;114(11):2958–2963. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1616457114</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Pereira EF, Aracava Y, DeTolla LJr, et al. Animal models that best reproduce the clinical manifestations of human intoxication with organophosphorus compounds. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2014;350(2):313–321. doi: 10.1124/jpet.114.214932</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Poirier L, Plener L, Daudé D, Chabrière E. Enzymatic decontamination of paraoxon-ethyl limits long-term efects in planarians. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):3843. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-60846-1 EDN: VXZWZA</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Tsai YH, Lein PJ. Mechanisms of organophosphate neurotoxicity. Curr Opin Toxicol. 2021;26:49–60. doi: 1016/j.cotox.2021.04.002 EDN: GYDQTE</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Guignet M, Dhakal K, Flannery BM, et al. Persistent behavior deficits, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress in a rat model of acute organophosphate intoxication. Neurobiol Dis. 2020;133:104431. doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.03.019 EDN: FNKAPU</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Rizzati V, Briand O, Guillou H, Gamet-Payrastre L. Effects of pesticide mixtures in human and animal models: An update of the recent literature. Chem Biol Interact. 2016;254:231–246. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.06.003</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Hatfield MJ, Umans RA, Hyatt JL, et al. Carboxylesterases: General detoxifying enzymes. Chem Biol Interact. 2016;259(Pt B):327–331. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.02.011</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Sobolev VE, Sokolova MO, Jenkins RO, Goncharov NV. Nephrotoxic effects of paraoxon in three rat models of acute intoxication. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22:13625. doi: 10.3390/ijms222413625 EDN: WNMNIJ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Bgatova N, Taskaeva I. Ultrastructure of the kidney filtration barrier in conditions of distant tumor growth and lithium treatment. Ultrastruct Pathol. 2020;44(4-6):412–421. doi: 10.1080/01913123.2020.1850962 EDN: WYQYLO</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Bakker PJ, Butter LM, Claessen N, et al. A Tissue-specific role for Nlrp3 in tubular epithelial repair after renal ischemia/reperfusion. Am J Pathol. 2014;184(7):2013–2022. doi: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.04.005</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Christensen EI, Birn H, Storm T, et al. Endocytic receptors in the renal proximal tubule. Physiology (Bethesda). 2012;27(4):223–236. doi: 10.1152/physiol.00022.2012</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Ludes PO, Roquetaillade C, Chousterman BG, et al. Role of damage-associated molecular patterns in septic acute kidney injury, from injury to recovery. Front Immunol. 2021;12:606622. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.606622 EDN: LGKCTW</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Prozorovskij VB, Skopichev VG. Remote action in the pathogenesis of organophosphorus poisoning. Reviews on Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Therapy. 2004;3(3):56–67 (In Russ.) EDN: HVGPYL</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Saternos HC, Almarghalani DA, Gibson HM, et al. Distribution and function of the muscarinic receptor subtypes in the cardiovascular system. Physiol Genomics. 2018;50(1):1–9. doi: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00062.2017</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Ebefors K, Lassén E, Anandakrishnan N, et al. Modeling the glomerular filtration barrier and intercellular crosstalk. Front Physiol. 2021;12:689083. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.689083 EDN: JRAHAS</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>‘t Hart DC, Yildiz D, Palacio-Castañeda V, et al. Co-culture of glomerular endothelial cells and podocytes in a custom-designed glomerulus-on-a-chip model improves the filtration barrier integrity and affects the glomerular cell phenotype. Biosensors (Basel). 2023;13(3):339. doi: 10.3390/bios13030339 EDN: DVXUSG</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Subramanya AR, Ellison DH. Distal convoluted tubule. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014;9(12):2147–2163. doi: 10.2215/CJN.05920613</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
