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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Morphology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Morphology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Морфология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1026-3543</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2949-2556</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">677566</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/morph.677566</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">CRLJXQ</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Study Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Cranioscopic and craniometric characteristics of the adult neurocranium in normal and deformed states</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Краниоскопические и краниометрические характеристики мозгового черепа взрослого человека в норме и при деформациях</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>成人脑颅在正常与畸形情况下的颅相学与颅测学特征</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7232-6419</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1898-3355</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gaivoronsky</surname><given-names>Ivan V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гайворонский</surname><given-names>Иван Васильевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Gaivoronsky</surname><given-names>Ivan V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><email>i.v.gaivoronsky@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5527-0495</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6519-7262</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Solovyev</surname><given-names>Kirill V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Соловьев</surname><given-names>Кирилл Владимирович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Solovyev</surname><given-names>Kirill V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>kirill_solovik@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3922-8673</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2869-5688</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kirillova</surname><given-names>Maria P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кириллова</surname><given-names>Мария Петровна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Kirillova</surname><given-names>Maria P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><email>manatomy@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kirov Military Medical Academy</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Военно-медицинская академия им. С.М. Кирова</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Kirov Military Medical Academy</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-08-13" publication-format="electronic"><day>13</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-10-23" publication-format="electronic"><day>23</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>163</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>339</fpage><lpage>352</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-03-23"><day>23</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-05-02"><day>02</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2025,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2028-10-23"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://j-morphology.com/1026-3543/article/view/677566">https://j-morphology.com/1026-3543/article/view/677566</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Modern craniological studies should be based on an integrated approach and include algorithms to distinguish between normal and pathological conditions. It is essential to determine the extent to which craniometric parameters of deformed skulls deviate from normal values.</p> <p><bold>AIM:</bold> This study aimed to examine the cranioscopic and craniometric characteristics of the neurocranium in normal and deformed states based on the Dolgo-Saburov collection preserved in the Fundamental Museum of the Department of Normal Anatomy, S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy; to determine the prevalence of cranial deformations; and to develop criteria for the design of contemporary craniological studies.</p> <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>A series of 842 skulls was examined. The condition of cranial sutures was assessed, with identification of craniosynostosis and associated abnormal cranial forms, as well as asymmetry of the neurocranium and its relationship to craniosynostosis. For craniometric determination of neurocranial shape, longitudinal (Martin 1), transverse (Martin 8), and vertical (Martin 17) diameters were measured. The estimated cranial cavity volume was calculated, along with the transverse–longitudinal (cranial), height–length, and height–breadth indices.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Of the examined series, 678 skulls were classified as normal, with no deformations, asymmetry, or developmental anomalies. The majority of skulls were brachycranial or mesocranial based on the cranial index (55.8% and 39.2%, respectively); hypsicranial and orthocranial based on the height–length index (46.5% and 44.1%, respectively); and tapeinocranial and metriocranial based on the height–breadth index (44.4% and 47.9%, respectively). Deformations were observed in 164 skulls, which were divided into three groups: skulls with premature closure of one or more cranial vault sutures (2.6%); asymmetric skulls without signs of premature synostosis (16.1%); and skulls combining abnormal craniosynostosis with asymmetry (1.2%). The first group included two subgroups: skulls with sagittal craniosynostosis (scaphocephaly) and skulls with combined premature coronal and sagittal synostosis (oxycephaly). Scaphocephalic skulls (1.1%) were pathologically elongated and narrow, often with a saddle-shaped cranial vault deformity. In contrast, oxycephalic skulls were short with high height–length indices. For such skulls, we propose the term “pathological hypsibrachycrany.” In plagiocephaly (cranial asymmetry), the occipital, parietal, and frontal regions were shifted in opposite directions, with left-sided asymmetry more common (58.5%).</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The distribution of normal skulls by cranial index confirms the evolutionary trend toward brachycephalization. Dolichocranial, chamaecranial, and acrocranial skulls are the least common forms (&lt; 10%). Premature suture closure does not always lead to marked cranial deformities. This work provides detailed characteristics of deformed skulls and highlights situations in which standard indices may be inappropriate. Craniometric measurements should be performed only after cranioscopic evaluation for craniosynostosis and asymmetry.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование. </bold>Современные краниологические исследования должны основываться на комплексном подходе и включать алгоритмы отделения нормы от патологии. Важно знать, насколько краниометрические параметры черепов, относящихся к деформированным, отклоняются от нормы.</p> <p><bold>Цель</bold> — изучить краниоскопические и краниометрические характеристики мозгового черепа в норме и при различных деформациях на основе материалов коллекции Б.А. Долго-Сабурова, хранящейся в фундаментальном музее кафедры нормальной анатомии Военно-медицинской академии; определить частоту встречаемости деформаций, а также разработать критерии дизайна современного краниологического исследования.</p> <p><bold>Методы. </bold>Исследована серия из 842 черепов. Оценивали состояние швов, выявляли признаки краниосиностозирования и наличия сопутствующих аномальных форм мозгового черепа, определяли асимметрию мозгового черепа и её связь с краниосиностозами. Для краниометрического определения формы мозгового черепа измеряли продольный (Мартин 1), поперечный (Мартин 8) и высотный (Мартин 17) диаметры. Вычисляли предположительный объём полости черепа, а также рассчитывали поперечно-продольный (ППрУ), высотно-продольный (ВПрУ) и высотно-поперечный (ВПУ) указатели.</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>678 черепов из выбранной серии классифицировали как нормальные, не имеющие деформаций, асимметрии и аномалий развития. При распределении по ППрУ большинство из этих черепов имели брахи- и мезокранную формы (55,8% и 39,2% соответственно); по ВПрУ — гипси- и ортокранную (46,5% и 44,1% соответственно); по ВПУ — тапейно- и метриокранную формы (44,4% и 47,9% соответственно). 164 черепа имели деформации, такие экземпляры разделили на 3 группы: черепа с преждевременным закрытием одного или нескольких швов свода (2,6%); асимметричные черепа без признаков преждевременного синостозирования (16,1%); черепа, сочетающие аномальное краниосиностозирование с асимметрией (1,2%). В первой группе выделили 2 подгруппы: черепа с сагиттальным краниосиностозом (скафокраны) и черепа с сочетанным преждевременным синостозированием венечного и сагиттального швов (оксикраны). Скафокраны (1,1%) — это патологически вытянутые в длину, узкие черепа, часто имеющие седловидную деформацию свода черепа. Оксикраны — напротив, короткие черепа с высокими значениями ВПрУ. Для такого рода черепов мы предлагаем использовать термин «патологический гипсибрахикран». При плагиокрании (асимметрии черепа) затылочная, теменная и лобная части смещены в противоположные стороны, при этом чаще встречалась левосторонняя асимметрия (58,5%).</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Распределение нормальных черепов по ППрУ подтверждает эволюционную тенденцию к брахикефализации. Такие формы черепа как долихокранная, хамекранная и акрокранная можно считать наименее распространёнными (менее 10%). Преждевременное закрытие швов не всегда приводит к выраженным деформациям черепа. В статье приведены характеристики деформированных черепов и указаны случаи, в которых использование стандартных индексов может быть некорректным. Измерения черепов следует проводить только после краниоскопической оценки на предмет краниосиностозов и асимметрии.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p><bold>论证。</bold>当代颅相学研究应基于综合性方法，并应包括区分正常与病理的算法。明确畸形颅骨的颅测参数与正常值的差异程度具有重要意义。</p> <p><bold>目的。</bold>本研究旨在基于S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy正常解剖学教研室基础博物馆的Dolgo-Saburov收藏标本，研究成人脑颅在正常与畸形情况下的颅面形态观察与颅骨测量学特征，确定颅骨畸形的发生频率，并提出现代颅面学研究的设计标准。</p> <p><bold>方法。</bold>共研究了842例颅骨。评估颅缝状态，识别颅缝早闭及伴随的脑颅异常形态，确定脑颅的不对称性及其与颅缝早闭的关系。颅测参数包括 颅长径（Martin 1）、颅宽径（Martin 8）和颅高径（Martin 17）。另外，计算了颅腔体积，以及横-长指数（cranial index, CI）、高-长指数（height–length index, HLI）和高-宽指数（height–breadth index, HBI）。</p> <p><bold>结果。</bold>678例颅骨为正常类型，无畸形、不对称或发育异常。按CI分布，以短颅型（55.8%）和中颅型（39.2%）为主；按HLI分布，以高颅型（46.5%）和中颅型（44.1%）为主；按HBI分布，以扁颅型（44.4%）和中颅型（47.9%）为主。其余164例存在畸形，分为三组：单个或多个颅缝早闭（2.6%）；无颅缝早闭的不对称颅骨（16.1%）；兼有颅缝早闭和不对称（1.2%）。在第一组中，分为两类：矢状缝早闭颅（舟状颅，scaphocephaly）和矢状缝合并冠状缝早闭颅（短高颅，oxycephaly）。舟状颅（1.1%）是病理性地过度延长、狭窄的颅骨，常伴有颅盖的鞍状畸形。短高颅则为短颅并具有较高的HLI。对于这一类颅骨，我们建议称之为“病理性高短颅”。在斜颅（颅骨不对称，plagiocephaly）中，枕部、顶骨和额骨发生对向移位，其中以左侧不对称最常见（58.5%）。</p> <p><bold>结论。</bold>正常颅骨的CI分布印证了颅形进化过程中的短颅化趋势。长颅型、低颅型和高颅型为最少见类型（不足10%）。颅缝早闭并不总是导致显著畸形。文中描述了畸形颅骨的特征，并指出在某些情况下传统指数的应用并不适宜。建议颅测学测量应在颅相学检查之后进行，以排除颅缝早闭及不对称。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>neurocranium</kwd><kwd>cranial deformation</kwd><kwd>cranial asymmetry</kwd><kwd>brachycephalization</kwd><kwd>scaphocephaly</kwd><kwd>oxycephaly</kwd><kwd>plagiocephaly</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>мозговой череп</kwd><kwd>деформация черепа</kwd><kwd>асимметрия черепа</kwd><kwd>брахикефализация</kwd><kwd>скафокрания</kwd><kwd>оксикрания</kwd><kwd>плагиокрания</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>脑颅</kwd><kwd>颅骨畸形</kwd><kwd>颅骨不对称</kwd><kwd>短颅化</kwd><kwd>舟状颅</kwd><kwd>短高颅</kwd><kwd>斜颅</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Gaivoronsky IV, Solovyov KV. 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