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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Morphology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Morphology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Морфология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1026-3543</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2949-2556</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">678840</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/morph.678840</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">RJXVBL</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Study Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Effect of exogenous melatonin on the ultrastructure of hepatocytes in rats with experimental toxic liver injury</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Влияние экзогенного мелатонина на ультраструктуру гепатоцитов крыс при экспериментальном токсическом повреждении</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>外源性褪黑素对四氯化碳致毒损伤时大鼠肝细胞超微结构的影响</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3290-3768</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4259-7674</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Grabeklis</surname><given-names>Sevil A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Грабеклис</surname><given-names>Севиль Альбертовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Grabeklis</surname><given-names>Sevil A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>grabeklene@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2052-914X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2086-7513</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mikhaleva</surname><given-names>Lyudmila M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Михалева</surname><given-names>Людмила Михайловна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Mikhaleva</surname><given-names>Lyudmila M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><email>mikhalevalm@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6286-5315</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8070-3578</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dygai</surname><given-names>Alexandr M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дыгай</surname><given-names>Александр Михайлович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Dygai</surname><given-names>Alexandr M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Medicine) Professor, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор, академик РАН</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Dr. Sci. (Medicine) Professor, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences</p></bio><email>ombn.ramn@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6251-2560</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5647-1372</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kozlova</surname><given-names>Maria A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Козлова</surname><given-names>Мария Александровна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Kozlova</surname><given-names>Maria A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><email>ma.kozlova2021@outlook.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3253-6729</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3125-7837</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chernikov</surname><given-names>Valery P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Черников</surname><given-names>Валерий Петрович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Chernikov</surname><given-names>Valery P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><email>1200555@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3006-6281</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4348-6781</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Areshidze</surname><given-names>David A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Арешидзе</surname><given-names>Давид Александрович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Areshidze</surname><given-names>David A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><email>labcelpat@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный центр хирургии им. акад. Б.В. Петровского</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute Of General Pathology And Pathophysiology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский институт общей патологии и патофизиологии</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Institute Of General Pathology And Pathophysiology</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-06-23" publication-format="electronic"><day>23</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-08-06" publication-format="electronic"><day>06</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>163</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>210</fpage><lpage>219</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-04-25"><day>25</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-05-26"><day>26</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2025,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2028-08-06"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://j-morphology.com/1026-3543/article/view/678840">https://j-morphology.com/1026-3543/article/view/678840</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold>Prolonged exposure to constant light suppresses melatonin synthesis by the pineal gland and induces desynchronosis, increasing the risk of various pathological conditions, including liver dysfunction. Exogenous melatonin is known to exert a pronounced hepatoprotective effect; however, its role in protecting the liver against carbon tetrachloride (CCl<sub>4</sub>)-induced toxicity remains insufficiently understood. Moreover, the impact of disrupted circadian rhythmicity under melatonin deficiency on the development of liver pathology, as well as the mechanisms of melatonin’s hepatoprotective action in toxic injury.</p> <p><bold>AIM: </bold>The work aimed to investigate the effects of dark deprivation and exogenous melatonin on the ultrastructure of mitochondria in rat hepatocytes under carbon tetrachloride-induced toxic liver injury.</p> <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> The study involved male Wistar rats (<italic>n</italic> = 200), aged 6 months, with a body weight of (350 ± 15) g. The animals were divided into five groups: group 1, control group, fixed light–dark cycle; group 2, dark deprivation; group 3, fixed light–dark cycle with intraperitoneal CCl<sub>4</sub> (in olive oil, 0.3 mg/kg) every 3 days; group 4, dark deprivation with CCl<sub>4</sub> every 3 days; group 5, dark deprivation with CCl<sub>4</sub> injections every 3 days, (intraperitoneally) and daily melatonin administration (Sigma-Aldrich, USA; intragastrically, 0.3 mg/kg).</p> <p>The experiment lasted 3 weeks. The ultrastructure of hepatocytes was evaluated using transmission electron microscopy. The micromorphometric analysis of mitochondria included measurement of organelle area, quantification and length of cristae, and calculation of the concentration of inner mitochondrial membranes. The statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism v8.41 (GraphPad Software, USA).</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold><italic> </italic>Dark deprivation caused marked structural changes in hepatocytes, including cytoplasmic swelling, nuclear deformation, ribosomal detachment from the endoplasmic reticulum, reduced mitochondrial number, shortened cristae, and decreased concentration of inner mitochondrial membranes. CCl₄ exposure resulted in more severe damage to hepatocytes, such as cytoplasmic vacuolization, mitochondrial swelling, and necrosis. Under dark deprivation, CCl₄ toxicity was exacerbated: total mitochondrial count decreased with compensatory enlargement, cristae were shortened, and the concentration of inner mitochondrial membranes declined, indicating reduced mitochondrial function. Melatonin has a protective effect, preserving nuclear morphology, reducing lipid vacuole accumulation, and normalizing micromorphometric parameters of mitochondria.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Pineal melatonin deficiency under dark deprivation aggravates CCl₄-induced hepatotoxicity due to induction of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Melatonin demonstrates a pronounced hepatoprotective effect by stabilizing hepatocyte ultrastructure and supporting energy metabolism. These findings support the use of melatonin in preventing liver damage under chronic intoxication and circadian rhythmicity disruption.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование</bold>. Постоянное освещение в течение длительного времени подавляет синтез мелатонина шишковидной железой и вызывает десинхроноз, повышающий риск развития различных патологий, включая нарушения функций печени. Известно, что экзогенный мелатонин обладает выраженным гепатопротекторным действием, однако его роль в защите печени от токсического действия тетрахлорметана (CCl<sub>4</sub>) недостаточно изучена. Кроме того, остаются неясными значение нарушений циркадной ритмичности на фоне дефицита мелатонина в развитии патологий печени, а также механизмы гепатопротекторного действия экзогенного мелатонина при токсическом повреждении.</p> <p><bold>Цель</bold> — изучить влияние темновой депривации и экзогенного мелатонина на ультраструктуру митохондрий в гепатоцитах крыс при токсическом повреждении тетрахлорметаном.</p> <p><bold>Методы</bold>. Исследование проведено на самцах крыс линии Вистар (<italic>n</italic>=200) в возрасте 6 месяцев, массой (350±15) г. Животных распределили на 5 групп: I — контрольная группа, крыс содержали при фиксированном световом режиме; II — крыс содержали в условиях темновой депривации; III — животных содержали при фиксированном световом режиме, один раз в 3 дня внутрибрюшинно вводили CCl<sub>4</sub> (в смеси с оливковым маслом, в дозе 0,3 мг/кг); IV — крыс содержали в условиях темновой депривации, один раз в три дня вводили CCl<sub>4</sub>; V — животных содержали в условиях темновой депривации, один раз в три дня вводили CCl<sub>4</sub> (внутрибрюшинно) и ежедневно — мелатонин (Sigma-Aldrich, США; внутрижелудочно, в дозе 0,3 мг/кг).</p> <p><bold>Длительность эксперимента составила 3 недели</bold>. Оценку ультраструктуры гепатоцитов осуществляли на срезах печени методом трансмиссионной электронной микроскопии. Микроморфометрический анализ митохондрий включал измерение площади органелл, определение количества и длины крист, расчёт концентрации внутренних мембран митохондрий (КВММ). Статистическую обработку результатов выполняли в программе GraphPad Prism v8.41 (GraphPad Software, США).</p> <p><bold>Результаты</bold>. При темновой депривации в гепатоцитах крыс наблюдали существенные структурные изменения: отёк цитоплазмы, деформацию ядер, «осыпание» рибосом с поверхности эндоплазматического ретикулума, снижение количества митохондрий, уменьшение длины крист и КВММ. Воздействие CCl₄ вызывает более тяжёлые повреждения гепатоцитов, включая вакуолизацию цитоплазмы, набухание митохондрий и некроз. На фоне темновой депривации токсический эффект CCl₄ усугубляется — уменьшается общее количество митохондрий при компенсаторном увеличении их площади, происходит укорочение крист и снижение КВММ, что свидетельствует о снижении функциональной активности органелл. Введение мелатонина оказывает протекторное действие на гепатоциты, проявляющееся в сохранении формы ядер, меньшем количестве липидных вакуолей и нормализации микроморфометрических показателей митохондрий.</p> <p><bold>Заключение</bold>. Дефицит эпифизарного мелатонина в условиях темновой депривации усугубляет гепатотоксическое действие CCl₄, что связано с индукцией окислительного стресса и развитием митохондриальной дисфункции. Установлено, что мелатонин обладает выраженным гепатопротекторным действием, способствует стабилизации ультраструктуры гепатоцитов и поддержанию их энергетического метаболизма. Полученные данные свидетельствуют в пользу применения мелатонина для защиты печени при хронических интоксикациях и нарушениях циркадной ритмичности.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>论证。长期持续照明可抑制松果体褪黑素的合成，导致昼夜节律紊乱，从而提高包括肝功能障碍在内的多种疾病的发病风险。已有研究表明，外源性褪黑素具有显著的肝保护作用，但其在抵御四氯化碳（CCl<sub>4</sub>）毒性方面的作用尚研究不足。此外，褪黑素缺乏所致的昼夜节律紊乱在肝病发生发展中的作用机制，以及外源性褪黑素在毒性损伤条件下的肝保护机制。</p> <p>目的：研究黑暗剥夺与外源性褪黑素在四氯化碳致毒条件下对大鼠肝细胞线粒体超微结构的影响。</p> <p>方法。研究在Wistar品系雄性大鼠（n=200）上进行，年龄为6个月，体重为（350±15）克。将动物分为5组： I组（对照组）在固定光照条件下饲养； II组在黑暗剥夺条件下饲养； III组在固定光照条件下饲养，每3天腹腔注射一次CCl<sub>4</sub>（与橄榄油混合，剂量为0.3 mg/kg）； IV组在黑暗剥夺条件下饲养，每3天腹腔注射一次CCl<sub>4</sub>； V组在黑暗剥夺条件下饲养，每3天腹腔注射一次CCl<sub>4</sub>，同时每天胃内注射褪黑素（Sigma-Aldrich，美国，剂量为0.3 mg/kg）。</p> <p>实验持续3周。采用透射电子显微镜对肝脏切片进行观察，以评估肝细胞的超微结构。线粒体的微形态计量分析包括测量线粒体的面积、嵴的数量和长度，以及线粒体内膜浓度（concentration of inner mitochondrial membranes, CIMM）的计算。数据统计使用GraphPad Prism v8.41软件（GraphPad Software，美国）进行处理。</p> <p>结果。黑暗剥夺引起肝细胞明显结构改变，包括胞质水肿、细胞核变形、内质网表面核糖体脱落、线粒体数量减少、嵴缩短及CIMM下降。CCl<sub>4</sub>造成更严重的损伤，如胞质液泡变性、线粒体肿胀及坏死。在黑暗剥夺背景下，CCl<sub>4</sub>的毒性作用进一步加重，表现为线粒体数量减少、面积代偿性增大、嵴进一步缩短及CIMM明显下降，提示线粒体功能活性下降。褪黑素干预对肝细胞具有保护作用，表现为细胞核形态保持、脂滴数量减少及线粒体微结构参数趋于正常。</p> <p>结论。在黑暗剥夺条件下，由于松果体褪黑素的缺乏，CCl<sub>4</sub>的肝毒性作用加重，其机制可能与氧化应激的诱导及线粒体功能障碍的发生有关。研究证实，褪黑素具有显著的肝保护作用，有助于稳定肝细胞的超微结构并维持其能量代谢。研究结果支持在慢性中毒和昼夜节律紊乱条件下使用褪黑素进行肝脏保护。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>CCl₄</kwd><kwd>carbon tetrachloride</kwd><kwd>hepatocytes</kwd><kwd>mitochondria</kwd><kwd>melatonin</kwd><kwd>hepatoprotective effect</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>CCl₄</kwd><kwd>тетрахлорметан</kwd><kwd>гепатоциты</kwd><kwd>митохондрии</kwd><kwd>мелатонин</kwd><kwd>гепатопротекторное действие</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>CCl4</kwd><kwd>四氯化碳</kwd><kwd>肝细胞</kwd><kwd>线粒体</kwd><kwd>褪黑素</kwd><kwd>肝保护作用</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Министерство науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="zh">Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>075-00441-21-03</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Areshidze DA, Kozlova MA, Chernikov VP, Kondashevskaya MV. 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