<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Morphology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Morphology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Морфология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1026-3543</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2949-2556</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">679715</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/morph.679715</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">YFVUQB</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Научные обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Structural and morphological changes of the human umbilical cord in complicated pregnancy</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Изменения структурных и морфологических характеристик пуповины человека при осложнённой беременности</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>复杂妊娠中人类脐带结构和形态特征的变化</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8511-5864</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1668-3497</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kondratenko</surname><given-names>Albina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кондратенко</surname><given-names>Альбина Александровна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Kondratenko</surname><given-names>Albina A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><email>kondraa24@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6833-6243</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4277-0122</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Drobintseva</surname><given-names>Anna O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дробинцева</surname><given-names>Анна Олеговна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Drobintseva</surname><given-names>Anna O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology), Assistant Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, доцент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology), Assistant Professor</p></bio><email>ao.drobintseva@gpmu.org</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6650-4971</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Apbasova</surname><given-names>Saulesh A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Апбасова</surname><given-names>Саулеш Ахатовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Apbasova</surname><given-names>Saulesh A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="KZ">Kazakhstan</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><email>saulesh.apbasova@smu.edu.kz</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8120-2816</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5446-0950</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nasyrov</surname><given-names>Ruslan A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Насыров</surname><given-names>Руслан Абдуллаевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Nasyrov</surname><given-names>Ruslan A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><email>rrmd99@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4922-1422</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1953-3453</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kalinina</surname><given-names>Maria A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Калинина</surname><given-names>Мария Алексеевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Kalinina</surname><given-names>Maria A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>mariakalinina0044@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный педиатрический медицинский университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kirov Military Medical Academy</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Военно-медицинская академия им. С.М. Кирова</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Kirov Military Medical Academy</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Semey State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Медицинский университет Семей</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Semey State Medical University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-10-27" publication-format="electronic"><day>27</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-03-23" publication-format="electronic"><day>23</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>164</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>147</fpage><lpage>157</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-05-14"><day>14</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-07-22"><day>22</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2026,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2029-03-23"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://j-morphology.com/1026-3543/article/view/679715">https://j-morphology.com/1026-3543/article/view/679715</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The close interaction between two circulatory systems separated by the placental barrier determines the sensitivity of the fetoplacental circulation to critical disturbances of maternal blood flow within the intervillous space of the placental cotyledon and to activation of hemostatic processes on the surface of chorionic villi. Maternal somatic diseases manifesting as by hypertension and metabolic disorders during pregnancy affect the development and function of the placenta and umbilical cord. Because structural alterations in the umbilical cord vessel walls appear earlier than in fetal vessels and are associated with placental vascular resistance, detailed morphological assessment of the umbilical cord may improve prediction of neonatal health outcomes.</p> <p>The aim of this study is to review published data describing the morphological and functional features of the umbilical cord in infants born to mothers with complicated obstetric histories.</p> <p>Studies of umbilical cords from infants born to mothers with preeclampsia have demonstrated narrowed umbilical artery lumen associated with thickening or edema of the vascular smooth muscle layer. Reduced Wharton jelly has not been consistently observed; in only one study was it accompanied by thickening of the vascular muscular layer. In contrast, another study reported an increased volume of Wharton jelly. No morphological changes in the umbilical vein wall were detected in all studies. Thickening of the umbilical vein wall may have compensatory significance, whereas thinning appears to be pathological. Morphological changes of the umbilical vein in fetuses with intrauterine growth restriction and in preterm infants have not been described. Furthermore, detailed investigation is required to clarify the role of tissue factors, including matrix metalloproteinases and vascular endothelial growth factor, in shaping the morphological characteristics of the umbilical cord.</p> <p>Comprehensive evaluation of morphological and structural alterations of the umbilical cord and its components in large cohorts of pregnant women with various somatic diseases may improve the predictive accuracy of neonatal health outcomes and the risk of fetal developmental abnormalities.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Тесная связь двух кровеносных систем, разделённых плацентарным барьером, определяет чувствительность плодово-плацентарного кровообращения к критическим нарушениям циркуляции материнской крови в межворсинчатом пространстве котиледона и активацию процессов гемостаза на поверхности ворсин. Соматические заболевания матери, проявляющиеся во время беременности повышенным артериальным давлением и метаболическими нарушениями, влияют на формирование и функционирование плаценты и пуповины. Поскольку изменения в стенках сосудов пуповины появляются раньше, чем в сосудах плода и ассоциированы с уровнем сосудистого сопротивления в плаценте, детальное изучение морфологии пуповины поможет в прогнозировании отклонений в состоянии здоровья новорождённого.</p> <p>Целью исследования является обзор статей, описывающих морфофункциональные особенности пуповины младенцев, рождённых матерями с отягощённым анамнезом.</p> <p>В исследованиях пуповины младенцев, рождённых матерями с преэклампсией, показано сужение просвета пупочных артерий на фоне утолщения мышечной стенки этих сосудов или её отёка. Уменьшение количества Вартонова студня обнаружено не во всех исследованиях и только в одной работе оно сочеталось с утолщением мышечного слоя сосудов пуповины. В другом исследовании, напротив, наблюдали увеличение количества Вартонова студня. Морфологические изменения стенки вены пуповины также обнаружены не во всех исследованиях. Утолщение стенки пупочной вены, предположительно, имеет компенсаторное значение, в то время как её истончение носит скорее патологический характер. Морфологические изменения пупочной вены у плодов с задержкой внутриутробного развития и у недоношенных младенцев не описаны. Кроме того, необходимо детальное изучение влияния таких тканевых факторов, как матриксные металлопротеиназы и фактор роста сосудистого эндотелия, на формирование морфологических особенностей пуповины.</p> <p>Подробное изучение изменений морфологии и структуры пуповины и её компонентов на больших когортах беременных с различными соматическими заболеваниями повысит точность прогностических показателей здоровья новорождённых и риска отклонений в развитии плода.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>由胎盘屏障分隔的两个循环系统之间的紧密联系，决定了胎儿-胎盘循环对母体血流的严重紊乱以及绒毛表面止血过程激活的敏感性。妊娠期间表现为血压升高和代谢紊乱的母体躯体疾病会影响胎盘和脐带的形成和功能。由于脐带血管壁的变化出现早于胎儿血管，且与胎盘血管阻力水平相关，因此对脐带形态的详细研究有助于预测新生儿的健康异常。</p> <p>本研究旨在回顾描述有并发症病史母亲所生婴儿脐带形态功能特征的文献。</p> <p>对先兆子痫母亲所生婴儿脐带的研究表明，脐动脉管腔狭窄，并伴有血管肌层增厚或水肿。并非所有研究都发现华通氏胶含量减少，仅有一项研究发现其与脐血管肌层增厚相关。相反，另一项研究观察到华通氏胶含量增加。并非所有研究都发现脐静脉壁形态学改变。脐静脉壁增厚可能是一种代偿机制，而其变薄则更可能是病理性的。目前尚未有关于宫内生长受限胎儿和早产儿脐静脉形态学改变的描述。此外，有必要详细研究基质金属蛋白酶和血管内皮生长因子等组织因子对脐带形态特征发育的影响。</p> <p>对患有各种躯体疾病的孕妇群体中脐带及其组成部分的形态和结构变化进行详细研究，将有助于提高新生儿健康状况和胎儿发育异常风险预后指标的准确性。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>umbilical cord</kwd><kwd>umbilical cord vessel morphology</kwd><kwd>structural composition of Wharton jelly</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>пуповина</kwd><kwd>морфологические характеристики сосудов пуповины</kwd><kwd>компонентный состав слизистой соединительной ткани пуповины</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>脐带</kwd><kwd>脐带血管形态特征</kwd><kwd>脐带黏液结缔组织组成成分</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Popova IG, Protsenko EV, Sitnikova OG, et al. Pathomorphological and biochemical features of the endothelium of the umbilical cord vessels during pregnancy complicated by preeclampsia. Russian Journal of Human Reproduction. 2022;28(6):44–52. doi: 10.17116/repro20222806144 EDN: DQPTIZ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Hasegawa J. Ultrasound screening of umbilical cord abnormalities and delivery management. Placenta. 2018;62:66–78. doi: 10.1016/j.placenta.2017.12.003</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Milovanov AP, Ozhiganova IN. Embryochorionic insufficiency: anatomic and physiologic prerequisites, rationale, definitions and pathogenetic mechanisms. Russia Journal of Archive of Pathology. 2014;76(3):4–8. EDN: STSGPX</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Zampieri F, Thiene G, Basso C, Zanatta A. The three fetal shunts: A story of wrong eponyms. J Anat. 2021;238(4):1028–1035. doi: 10.1111/joa.13357 EDN: TRQDYO</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Krasnopolskiy VI, editor. Placenta: formation and pathology. Moscow: Meditsina; 2007. (In Russ) EDN: QLOXMN</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Shahbazi MN. Mechanisms of human embryo development: from cell fate to tissue shape and back. Development. 2020;147(14):dev.190629. doi: 10.1242/dev.190629 EDN: QRSEIU</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Hopwood N. Species choice and model use: reviving research on human development. J Hist Biol. 2024;57(2):231–279. doi: 10.1007/s10739-024-09775-7 EDN: IJGQVC</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Tonni G, Lituania M, Cecchi A, et al. Umbilical cord diseases affecting obstetric and perinatal outcomes. Healthcare (Basel). 2023;11(19):2634. doi: 10.3390/healthcare11192634 EDN: REMVKN</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Conrad MS, Gardner ML, Miguel C, et al. Proteomic analysis of the umbilical cord in fetal growth restriction and preeclampsia. PLoS One. 2022;17(2):e0262041. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262041 EDN: JAHDLP</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Sánchez-Trujillo L, García-Montero C, Fraile-Martinez O, et al. Considering the effects and maternofoetal implications of vascular disorders and the umbilical cord. Medicina (Kaunas). 2022;58(12):1754. doi: 10.3390/medicina58121754 EDN: YRXMBW</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Santana EFM, Castello RG, Rizzo G, et al. Placental and umbilical cord anomalies diagnosed by two- and three-dimensional ultrasound. Diagnostics (Basel). 2022;12(11):2810. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics12112810 EDN: EKSXQH</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Volkov AE. Prenatal diagnosis of cord pathology. Medical Herald of the South of Russia. 2011;(2):38–45. EDN: OOKNAD</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Dubetskyi BI, Makarchuk OM, Zhurakivska OY, et al. Pregnancy and umbilical cord pathology: structural and functional parameters of the umbilical cord. J Med Life. 2023;16(8):1282–1291. doi: 10.25122/jml-2023-0025 EDN: OPJCUH</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Ebbing C, Kessler J, Moster D, Rasmussen S. Isolated single umbilical artery and the risk of adverse perinatal outcome and third stage of labor complications: A population-based study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2020;99(3):374–380. doi: 10.1111/aogs.13747</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Botezatu R, Raduteanu S, Ciobanu AM, et al. Absence of Wharton’s Jelly at the abdominal site of the umbilical cord insertion. Rare case report and review of the literature. Medicina (Kaunas). 2021;57(11):1268. doi: 10.3390/medicina57111268 EDN: XWLBFQ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Murphy SJ, Deegan N, O’Leary BD, McParland P. Absence of Wharton’s jelly. BMJ Case Reports. 2020;13(11):e237222. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2020–237222 EDN: XLFQXS</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Kalluru PKR, Kalluru HR, Allagadda TR, et al. Abnormal umbilical cord coiling and association with pregnancy factors. J Turk Ger Gynecol Assoc. 2024;25(1):44–52. doi: 10.4274/jtgga.galenos.2023.2023-3-3 EDN: KXMIAQ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Agarwal I, Singh S. Adverse perinatal outcomes of true knot of the umbilical cord: a case series and review of literature. Cureus. 2022;14(7):e26992. doi: 10.7759/cureus.26992 EDN: ZOVFIS</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Mishin AV, Bortnovskaya NP, Martemyanova LA, et al. Ultrasound and morphological diagnosis of anomaliesin the development of the body stem. Health and Ecology Issues. 2022;19(3):120–129. (In Russ). doi: 10.51523/2708-6011.2022-19-3-17 EDN: LEYKHG</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Shchegolev AI, Tumanova UN, Lyapin VM. Umbilical cord coiling: definition, classification, clinical significance. Akusherstvo i Ginekologiya. 2019;(2):42–50. doi: 10.18565/aig.2019.2.42-50 EDN: YYXPOH</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Iupatov EIu, Kurmanbaev TE, Galimova IR, et al. Umbilical cord vascular thrombosis: literature review and two clinical cases. Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction. 2022;16(1):81–89. doi: 10.17749/2313-7347/ob.gyn.rep.2021.260 EDN: DLJYEV</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Yue T, Guo Y, Qi X, et al. Sex-biased regulatory changes in the placenta of native highlanders contribute to adaptive fetal development. Elife. 2024;12:RP89004. doi: 10.7554/eLife.89004 EDN: VWFXMM</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Debebe SK, Cahill LS, Kingdom JC, et al. Wharton’s jelly area and its association with placental morphometry and pathology. Placenta. 2020;94:34–38. doi: 10.1016/j.placenta.2020.03.008 EDN: GHDLHQ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Thomas MR, Bhatia JK, Kumar S, Boruah D. The histology and histomorphometry of umbilical cord cross section in preeclampsia and normal pregnancies: a comparative study. J Histotechnol. 2020;43(3):109–117. doi: 10.1080/01478885.2020.1734741 EDN: JPXFTP</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Zarina KZ, Pilmane M. Characterization of angiogenic,matrix remodeling, and antimicrobial factors in preterm and full-term human umbilical cords. J Dev Biol. 2024;12(2):13. doi: 10.3390/jdb12020013 EDN: CHPRQJ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Chen J, Liu FX, Tao RX. Relationship between ultrasound parameters of the umbilical and middle cerebral arteries and intrauterine fetal distress. World J Clin Cases. 2024;12(16):2745–2750. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v12.i16.2745 EDN: RGYWZI</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Colson A, Sonveaux P, Debiève F, Sferruzzi-Perri AN. Adaptations of the human placenta to hypoxia: opportunities for interventions in fetal growth restriction. Hum Reprod Update. 2021;27(3):531–569. doi: 10.1093/humupd/dmaa053 EDN: LEDBKE</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Akolekar R, Ciobanu A, Zingler E, et al. Routine assessment of cerebroplacental ratio at 35-37 weeks’ gestation in the prediction of adverse perinatal outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2019;221(1):65.e1–65.e18. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2019.03.002</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Najafi L, Honardoost M, Khajavi A, et al. The association of umbilical coiling and angiogenesis markers: Impact assessment of gestational diabetes. Placenta. 2022;129:70–76. doi: 10.1016/j.placenta.2022.09.006 EDN: FGYWWE</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Tenaw Goshu B. Histopathologic impacts of diabetes mellitus on umbilical cord during pregnancy. Pediatric Health, Med Ther. 2022;13:37–41. doi: 10.2147/PHMT.S323812 EDN: VQGVTN</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Chillakuru S, Velichety SD, Rajagopalan V. Human umbilical cord and its vessels: a histomorphometric study in difference severity of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Anat Cell Biol. 2020;53(1):68–75. doi: 10.5115/acb.19.158 EDN: VWVGTR</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Dzugkoev SG, Dzugkoeva FS, Margieva OI, et al. Experimental participation of pharmacological substances in mechanisms of lead acetate toxicity. Pharmacy &amp; Pharmacology. 2022;10(6):589–600. doi: 10.19163/2307-9266-2022-10-6-589-600 EDN: TEPJNE</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Nguyen TPH, Patrick CJ, Parry LJ, Familari M. Using proteomics to advance the search for potential biomarkers for preeclampsia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2019;14(4):e0214671. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214671</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Gęca T, Stupak A, Nawrot R, et al. Placental proteome in late-onset of fetal growth restriction. Mol Med Rep. 2022;26(6):356. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2022.12872 EDN: MDLVXR</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Saw SN, Dai Y, Yap CH. A review of biomechanics analysis of the umbilical-placenta system with regards to diseases. Front Physiol. 2021;12:587635. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.587635 EDN: HCVLIQ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Shi JW, Lai ZZ, Yang HL, et al. Collagen at the maternal-fetal interface in human pregnancy. Int J Biol Sci. 2020;16(12):2220–2234. doi: 10.7150/ijbs.45586 EDN: JWSXYP</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Rizzo G, Mappa I, Bitsadze V, et al. Role of Doppler ultrasound at time of diagnosis of late-onset fetal growth restriction in predicting adverse perinatal outcome: prospective cohort study. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2020;55(6):793–798. doi: 10.1002/uog.20406 EDN: HSLNVF</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
