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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Morphology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Morphology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Морфология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1026-3543</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2949-2556</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">680659</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/morph.680659</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">TWHHYT</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Historical articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Исторические статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Development of fundamental and applied problems of histology in the works of Alexander A. Braun (1904–1984)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Развитие фундаментальных и прикладных проблем гистологии в работах Александра Абрамовича Брауна (1904–1984)</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>亚历山大·阿布拉莫维奇·布劳恩（1904–1984）著作中组织学基础和应用问题的发展</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9299-0571</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6952-0466</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shevlyuk</surname><given-names>Nicolai N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шевлюк</surname><given-names>Николай Николаевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Shevlyuk</surname><given-names>Nicolai N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biology), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук, профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biology), Professor</p></bio><email>k_histology@orgma.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Orenburg State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Оренбургский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Orenburg State Medical University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-03-23" publication-format="electronic"><day>23</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>164</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>118</fpage><lpage>128</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-05-26"><day>26</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-07-04"><day>04</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2026,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2029-03-23"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://j-morphology.com/1026-3543/article/view/680659">https://j-morphology.com/1026-3543/article/view/680659</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article is devoted to one of the prominent representatives of the scientific histological school of Academician Alexey A. Zavarzin — the distinguished Soviet histologist, Doctor of Sciences in Biology, Professor Alexander A. Braun (1904–1984). From 1931 to 1950, after graduating from Leningrad University and completing postgraduate training at the Department of Histology, he worked at higher education institutions and research institutes in Leningrad. By the late 1930s, Alexander A. Braun had become one of the country’s leading histologists. Owing to developments in biology and medicine in the late 1940s, he was forced to leave Leningrad. From 1950 to 1972, Braun headed departments of histology at medical universities in Kyrgyzstan (Frunze) and Tajikistan (Dushanbe). His scientific research was devoted to problems of comparative and evolutionary histology, issues of intertissue correlations, the relationships between epithelium and connective tissue, the features of morpho- and histogenesis, as well as to the identification of patterns of reparative histogenesis. Based on comparative studies of vertebrate skin, Braun identified patterns of evolutionary transformation of the integument, in particular demonstrating parallelism in the dermal structure of fish and aquatic mammals. He described features of the morphofunctional organization of the thyroid gland in various mammals and the dynamics of its seasonal changes. Together with Mikhailov, Braun outlined and implemented approaches to synthesizing Zavarzin’s theory of parallelism in tissue evolution and Khlopin’s theory of divergent tissue evolution. They proposed that tissue evolution in phylogeny proceeds through parallelism of their divergent changes. Braun developed an original classification of post-traumatic organ regeneration patterns in vertebrates. Studies of regeneration under high-altitude conditions demonstrated that relocation of animals from lowland to highland environments reduces their adaptive and reparative capacities, and that wound healing in such conditions proceeds significantly more slowly. As adaptation to high-altitude conditions occurs, resistance to damaging factors and reparative potential are restored. The results of Alexander A. Braun’s research became a fundamental basis for adaptive medicine. He established a major scientific histological school that continues to develop the outlined research directions to this day.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Статья посвящена одному из ярких представителей научной гистологической школы академика Алексея Алексеевича Заварзина — видному советскому гистологу, доктору биологических наук, профессору Александру Абрамовичу Брауну (1904–1984). В период с 1931 по 1950 год, после окончания Ленинградского университета и аспирантуры при кафедре гистологии, он работал в вузах и научно-исследовательских институтах Ленинграда. К концу 30-х годов Александр Абрамович занял место в ряду ведущих гистологов страны. В связи с событиями, происходившими в биологии и медицине в конце 40-х годов, он вынужден был уехать из Ленинграда. С 1950 по 1972 год А.А. Браун руководил кафедрами гистологии в медицинских вузах Киргизии (г. Фрунзе) и Таджикистана (г. Душанбе). Его научные исследования были посвящены проблемам сравнительной и эволюционной гистологии, вопросам межтканевых корреляций, взаимоотношениям эпителия и соединительной ткани, особенностям морфо- и гистогенеза, а также определению закономерностей репаративных гистогенезов. На основе сравнительных исследований кожи позвоночных Александр Абрамович выявил закономерности эволюционных преобразований кожи, в частности, установил параллелизм в структуре дермы кожи у рыб и водных млекопитающих. Он продемонстрировал особенности морфофункциональной организации щитовидной железы у различных млекопитающих и динамику её сезонных изменений. А.А. Браун вместе с В.П. Михайловым наметили и реализовали подходы к синтезу теории параллелизма в эволюции тканей А.А. Заварзина и теории дивергентной эволюции тканей Н.Г. Хлопина. Ими было выдвинуто положение о том, что эволюция тканей в филогенезе происходит на основе параллелизма их дивергентных изменений. А.А. Брауном создана оригинальная классификация способов посттравматической регенерации органов у позвоночных. На основе исследования особенностей регенерации в условиях высокогорья было показано, что подъём животных из долины в высокогорье снижает их адаптационные и репаративные возможности, а процесс заживления ран в этих условиях происходит значительно медленнее. По мере адаптации организма к высокогорным условиям устойчивость к повреждающим воздействиям и репаративные возможности нормализуются. Результаты исследований Александра Абрамовича Брауна стали фундаментальной основой для адаптационной медицины. Им создана крупная научная гистологическая школа, плодотворно развивающая намеченные направления научных исследований и в наши дни.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>本文献给阿列克谢·阿列克谢耶维奇·扎瓦尔津院士科学组织学派的杰出代表之一 — — 苏联杰出的组织学家、生物学博士、教授亚历山大·阿布拉莫维奇·布劳恩（1904–1984）。1931年至1950年间，他从列宁格勒大学毕业并在组织学系完成研究生学习后，在列宁格勒的高等院校和科研机构工作。到20世纪30年代末，亚历山大·阿布拉莫维奇已跻身国内顶尖组织学家之列。受20世纪40年代末生物学和医学领域形势影响，他被迫离开列宁格勒。从1950年到1972年，A.A. 布劳恩先后担任吉尔吉斯斯坦（伏龙芝市）和塔吉克斯坦（杜尚别市）医科大学组织学系主任。他的科学研究致力于比较组织学和进化组织学问题、组织间相关性、上皮与结缔组织的关系、形态发生和组织发生的特征，以及修复性组织发生规律的确定。通过对脊椎动物皮肤的比较研究，亚历山大·阿布拉莫维奇发现了皮肤进化转变的模式，特别是确立了鱼类和水生哺乳动物皮肤真皮结构的平行性。他阐明了多种哺乳动物甲状腺的形态功能组织特征及其季节性变化动态。А.А. 布劳恩与В.П. 米哈伊洛夫共同提出并实践了将А.А. 扎瓦尔津的组织进化平行论与Н.Г. 赫洛平的组织趋异进化论进行综合的研究路径。 他们提出，系统发育过程中组织的演化是基于其趋异变化的平行性而发生的。А.А. 布劳恩对脊椎动物创伤后器官再生方式进行了原创性分类。 通过对高海拔条件下再生特性的研究表明，动物从山谷上升到高地会降低其适应和修复能力，且在此条件下的伤口愈合过程显著减缓。随着机体逐渐适应高海拔环境，其对损伤的抵抗力和修复能力亦恢复正常。亚历山大·阿布拉莫维奇·布劳恩的研究成果为适应医学奠定了理论基础。他创建了规模宏大的科学组织学派，该学派至今仍在所开创的研究方向上成果斐然。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Alexander A. Braun</kwd><kwd>scientific school</kwd><kwd>history of histology</kwd><kwd>problems of tissue evolution</kwd><kwd>morphogenesis and regeneration</kwd><kwd>high-altitude adaptation</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>А.А. Браун</kwd><kwd>научная школа</kwd><kwd>история гистологии</kwd><kwd>проблемы эволюции тканей</kwd><kwd>морфогенез и регенерация</kwd><kwd>адаптация к высокогорью</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>A.A. Braun</kwd><kwd>科学学派</kwd><kwd>组织学史</kwd><kwd>组织演化问题</kwd><kwd>形态发生与再生</kwd><kwd>高海拔适应</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Alexander Abramovich Brown (on the 60th anniversary of his birth). Archive of anatomy. 1965;48(5):124–127. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Alexander Abramovich Brown (on the 70th anniversary of his birth and the 45th anniversary of his scientific and pedagogical activity). 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