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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Morphology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Morphology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Морфология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1026-3543</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2949-2556</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">686384</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/morph.686384</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">IYAHUM</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Научные обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Sympathoblasts and their malignant progeny: the cellular mosaic of neuroblastoma</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Симпатобласты и их злокачественные потомки: клеточная мозаика нейробластомы</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>交感神经母细胞及其恶性后代：神经母细胞瘤的细胞镶嵌结构</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7732-8184</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4037-8636</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Konovalov</surname><given-names>Dmitry M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Коновалов</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Михайлович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Konovalov</surname><given-names>Dmitry M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor</p></bio><email>dmk_nadf@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5354-7067</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9720-5686</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sharlai</surname><given-names>Anastasia S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шарлай</surname><given-names>Анастасия Сергеевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Sharlai</surname><given-names>Anastasia S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>stasysharlay@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0231-1617</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8135-1761</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Trakhtman</surname><given-names>Pavel E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Трахтман</surname><given-names>Павел Евгеньевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Trakhtman</surname><given-names>Pavel E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor</p></bio><email>pavel.trakhtman@dgoi.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр детской гематологии, онкологии и иммунологии им. Д. Рогачева</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-11-29" publication-format="electronic"><day>29</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-03-23" publication-format="electronic"><day>23</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>164</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>171</fpage><lpage>181</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-06-29"><day>29</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-09-17"><day>17</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2026,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2029-03-23"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://j-morphology.com/1026-3543/article/view/686384">https://j-morphology.com/1026-3543/article/view/686384</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This review provides a comprehensive analysis of current knowledge on neuroblastoma in the context of embryonic development of the sympathoadrenal system. The evolution of scientific concepts regarding this tumor is traced from its first descriptions in the second half of the 19th century to the present day. The review outlines the conceptual framework of the modern understanding of neuroblastoma as a consequence of disrupted differentiation of neural crest cells. Particular attention is given to embryological aspects of sympathoadrenal system development, including neural crest cell migration, differentiation under the influence of external signals, and the formation of bipotential sympathoblasts capable of generating both neuronal and mesenchymal lineages. A substantial portion of the review focuses on the cellular heterogeneity of neuroblastoma, manifested by the coexistence of H-type (adrenergic) neuronal cells and C-type (mesenchymal) adhesive cells. The authors analyze findings from recent studies and highlight challenges in identifying tumor cell populations, emphasizing the need for validated species-specific markers. The review underscores the importance of integrating knowledge of key embryogenic stages with modern genomic technologies to develop more effective therapeutic strategies for this aggressive pediatric tumor.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Литературный обзор представляет собой комплексный анализ современных знаний о нейробластоме в контексте эмбрионального развития симпатоадреналовой системы. В работе прослеживается эволюция научных представлений об этой опухоли — начиная с первых описаний нейробластомы во второй половине XIX века до наших дней. Кроме того, в обзоре изложены концептуальные основы современного понимания нейробластомы как результата нарушения нормальной дифференцировки клеток нервного гребня. Особое внимание уделено эмбриологическим аспектам развития симпатоадреналовой системы, включая миграцию клеток нервного гребня, их дифференцировку под влиянием внешних сигналов и формирование бипотенциальных симпатобластов, способных генерировать как нейрональные, так и мезенхимальные клеточные линии. Значительная часть обзора посвящена анализу клеточной гетерогенности нейробластомы, проявляющейся в существовании нейрональных клеток H-типа (адренергических) и адгезивных клеток C-типа (мезенхимальных). Авторы проанализировали результаты современных исследований и сложности идентификации опухолевых клеточных популяций, свидетельствующие о необходимости использования валидированных видоспецифических маркеров. В работе подчёркивается важность интеграции знаний о ключевых этапах эмбриогенеза с современными геномными технологиями для разработки более эффективных терапевтических стратегий лечения этой агрессивной опухоли у детей.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>本篇文献综述全面分析了神经母细胞瘤在交感肾上腺系统胚胎发育背景下的最新研究进展。文章追溯了人们对这种肿瘤的科学认识发展历程，从19世纪下半叶首次描述神经母细胞瘤至今。此外，综述还概述了现代对神经母细胞瘤的认识，即神经母细胞瘤是由于正常神经嵴细胞分化紊乱所致。文章重点关注交感肾上腺系统发育的胚胎学方面，包括神经嵴细胞的迁移、在外部信号影响下的分化以及能够产生神经元和间充质细胞谱系的双潜能交感神经母细胞的形成。综述的相当一部分篇幅用于分析神经母细胞瘤的细胞异质性，这种异质性表现为H型神经元（肾上腺素能）细胞和C型黏附性（间充质）细胞的存在。作者分析了当前的研究成果以及肿瘤细胞群鉴定的挑战，强调了开发经验证的物种特异性标记物的必要性。该论文强调了将胚胎发生关键阶段的知识与现代基因组技术相结合的重要性，以开发更有效的治疗策略来治疗儿童这种侵袭性肿瘤。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>neuroblastoma</kwd><kwd>neural crest</kwd><kwd>embryogenesis</kwd><kwd>cellular heterogeneity</kwd><kwd>sympathoblast</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>нейробластома</kwd><kwd>нервный гребень</kwd><kwd>эмбриогенез</kwd><kwd>клеточная гетерогенность</kwd><kwd>симпатобласт</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>神经母细胞瘤</kwd><kwd>神经嵴</kwd><kwd>胚胎发生</kwd><kwd>细胞异质性</kwd><kwd>交感神经母细胞</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Cheung NK, Dyer MA. 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