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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Morphology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Morphology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Морфология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1026-3543</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2949-2556</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">687200</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/morph.687200</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">MTFMEM</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Study Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Trends of Bcl-2-positive lymphocytes in different zones of the splenic white pulp in rats after soft tissue injury of the thigh: a morphometric analysis</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Динамика Bcl-2-положительных лимфоцитов в различных зонах белой пульпы селезёнки у крыс после травмы мягких тканей бедра: морфометрический анализ</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>大鼠大腿软组织损伤后脾脏白髓不同区域Bcl-2阳性淋巴细胞的动态变化：形态计量学分析</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0550-2760</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9390-2689</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lanicheva</surname><given-names>Albina Kh.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ланичева</surname><given-names>Альбина Хамитовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Lanicheva</surname><given-names>Albina Kh.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor</p></bio><email>lanichevaa@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8933-9618</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8269-3077</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Semchenko</surname><given-names>Valery V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Семченко</surname><given-names>Валерий Васильевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Semchenko</surname><given-names>Valery V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><email>ivm_omgau_gistology@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Bashkir State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Башкирский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Bashkir State Medical University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Omsk State Agrarian University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Омский государственный аграрный университет имени П.А. Столыпина</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Omsk State Agrarian University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-02-04" publication-format="electronic"><day>04</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-03-23" publication-format="electronic"><day>23</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>164</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>206</fpage><lpage>220</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-07-10"><day>10</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-08-20"><day>20</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2026,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2029-03-23"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://j-morphology.com/1026-3543/article/view/687200">https://j-morphology.com/1026-3543/article/view/687200</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold>Soft tissue injuries constitute a substantial proportion of musculoskeletal damage and are frequently associated with complications related to immune response dysregulation, including secondary infections and delayed wound healing. Understanding systemic alterations in immune organs, particularly the spleen, is essential for developing strategies aimed at optimizing regeneration and preventing complications. Although the role of Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma 2) protein in the regulation of apoptosis is well established, data on its expression in the spleen following soft tissue injury remain limited. Most studies focus on local wound-site changes, whereas systemic effects, especially in lymphoid organs, have been insufficiently investigated.</p> <p><bold>AIM:</bold><bold> </bold>To investigate changes in the number of Bcl-2-positive lymphocytes in different zones of the splenic white pulp in rats after soft tissue injury of the thigh using immunohistochemical and morphometric analysis.</p> <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> The study was performed on male outbred white rats weighing 180–200 g. Mechanical thigh injury comparable in kinetic energy to a 5.6-mm caliber bullet wound was induced using a specialized device (under ether anesthesia). Animals were euthanized by decapitation. Spleen specimens measuring 0.5 × 1.5 cm were collected at 1, 3, 7, and 14 days after injury for morphometric and immunohistochemical examination. Tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect cells expressing the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2, T lymphocytes (CD3), and B lymphocytes (CD19), with Mayer’s hematoxylin nuclear counterstaining. Statistical analysis was conducted in R software (version 4.3.2) using the packages dplyr, tidyr, car, rstatix, pwr, ggplot2, and ggpubr.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>Mechanical thigh injury in rats led to changes in the number of Bcl-2-positive lymphocytes in various splenic zones. A transient decrease in these cells was observed at 1 and 3 days post-injury, likely associated with lymphocyte migration to peripheral tissues, followed by gradual restoration and even increased Bcl-2 expression in the spleen by day 14.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> An increase in Bcl-2-positive lymphocytes reflects a systemic immune response to local soft tissue injury of the thigh. This response may contribute to host defense against infections but could potentially delay wound healing when excessively activated. The association between local and systemic immune responses underscores the important regulatory role of the spleen and justifies further investigation to optimize therapeutic strategies for injury management.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование. </bold>Травмы мягких тканей составляют значительную долю повреждений опорно-двигательного аппарата и нередко сопровождаются осложнениями, обусловленными дисрегуляцией иммунного ответа, такими как вторичные инфекции или замедленное заживление. Понимание системных изменений в иммунных органах, в частности в селезёнке, необходимо для разработки стратегий, направленных на оптимизацию регенерации и профилактику осложнений. Несмотря на известную роль белка Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma 2) в регуляции апоптоза, данные о его экспрессии в селезёнке при травмах мягких тканей ограничены. Большинство исследований сосредоточено на локальных изменениях в области раны, тогда как системные эффекты, особенно в лимфоидных органах, изучены недостаточно.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования </bold>— с помощью иммуногистохимического и морфометрического анализа изучить изменение числа Bcl-2-положительных лимфоцитов в различных зонах белой пульпы селезёнки у крыс после травмы мягких тканей бедра.</p> <p><bold>Методы. </bold>Исследование выполнено на самцах белых беспородных крыс массой 180–200 г. С помощью специальной установки у крыс (под эфирным наркозом) индуцировали механическое повреждение бедра, соизмеримое по кинетической энергии с повреждением от пули калибра 5,6 мм. Животных выводили из эксперимента путём декапитации. Для морфометрического и иммуногистохимического исследования образцы селезёнки размером 0,5×1,5 см получали спустя 1, 3, 7 и 14 суток после травмы. Срезы окрашивали гематоксилином и эозином, а также использовали иммуногистохимический метод для выявления клеток, экспрессирующих антиапоптотический белок Bcl-2, Т-лимфоцитов (CD3) и B-лимфоцитов (CD19), с докраской ядер гематоксилином Майера. Статистическую обработку результатов проводили в программной среде R (версия 4.3.2) с использованием пакетов dplyr, tidyr, car, rstatix, pwr, ggplot2 и ggpubr.</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>После механической травмы бедра у крыс происходит изменение количества Bcl-2-положительных лимфоцитов в различных зонах селезёнки. Отмечено временное снижение числа таких клеток через 1 и 3 суток после травмы, связанное с активацией миграции лимфоцитов в периферические ткани, за которым следует постепенное восстановление и даже повышение экспрессии Bcl-2 в селезёнке на 14-е сутки.</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>Увеличение количества Bcl-2-положительных лимфоцитов отражает системный иммунный ответ на локальную травму мягких тканей бедра и способствует защите организма от инфекций, однако может замедлять заживление раны при чрезмерной активации. Связь локального и общего иммунного ответа свидетельствует о важной роли селезёнки в его регуляции и обосновывает необходимость дальнейшего её изучения для оптимизации терапевтических стратегий при травмах.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p><bold>论证。</bold>软组织损伤在肌肉骨骼损伤中占有相当大的比例，并且常常伴有免疫失调引起的并发症，例如继发感染或愈合延迟。了解免疫器官（尤其是脾脏）的系统性变化对于制定优化再生和预防并发症的策略至关重要。尽管已知 Bcl-2（B细胞淋巴瘤2） 在调节细胞凋亡中发挥作用，但关于软组织损伤后其在脾脏中的表达数据仍然有限。大多数研究集中于伤口部位的局部变化，而对全身性效 应（尤其是在淋巴器官中）的了解甚少。</p> <p><bold>目的。</bold>本研究旨在利用免疫组织化学和形态计量学分析，检测大鼠大腿软组织损伤后脾脏白髓不同区域中Bcl-2阳性淋巴细胞数量的变化。</p> <p><bold>方法。</bold>本研究采用体重180-200克的雄性白化杂种大鼠。利用特殊装置，在乙醚麻醉下，对大鼠造成与5.6毫米子弹动能相当的大腿软组织机械损伤。随后，将动物断头处死。在损伤后第1、3、7和14天，取0.5×1.5厘米的脾脏组织样本进行形态计量学和免疫组织化学研究。组织切片经苏木精-伊红染色，并采用免疫组织化学方法鉴定表达抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2、T淋巴细胞（CD3）和B淋巴细 胞（CD19）的细胞，细胞核用Mayer苏木精复染。使用 R 软件环境（版本 4.3.2）中的 dplyr、tidyr、car、rstatix、pwr、ggplot2 和 ggpubr 程序包对结果进行统计处理。</p> <p><bold>结果。</bold>大鼠大腿机械损伤后，脾脏各区域Bcl-2阳性淋巴细胞的数量发生变化。损伤后1天和3天，这些细胞的数量出现暂时性下降，并伴有淋巴细胞向外周组织的迁移激活；随后逐渐恢复，甚至在损伤后第14天脾脏中Bcl-2的表达增加。</p> <p><bold>结论。</bold>Bcl-2阳性淋巴细胞数量的增加反映了对大腿软组织局部创伤的全身免疫反应，有助于保护身体免受感染，但如果过度激活，则会减缓伤口愈合。局部和全身免疫反应之间的关系表明脾脏在调节中发挥着重要作用，也证明了进一步研究以优化损伤治疗策略的必要性。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>rats</kwd><kwd>splenic white pulp</kwd><kwd>Bcl-2-positive lymphocytes</kwd><kwd>mechanical trauma</kwd><kwd>morphometric analysis</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>крысы</kwd><kwd>белая пульпа селезёнки</kwd><kwd>Bcl-2-положительные лимфоциты</kwd><kwd>механическая травма</kwd><kwd>морфометрический анализ</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>大鼠</kwd><kwd>脾脏白髓</kwd><kwd>Bcl-2阳性淋巴细胞</kwd><kwd>机械创伤</kwd><kwd>形态计量分析</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Burzyn D, Kuswanto W, Kolodin D, et al. 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