<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Morphology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Morphology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Морфология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1026-3543</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2949-2556</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">688022</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/morph.688022</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">DQKDJG</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Study Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Multidimensional correlation analysis of anthropometric, age, and sports indicators of the russian main and junior national team swimmers</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Многомерный корреляционный анализ антропометрических, возрастных и спортивных показателей пловцов основной и юниорской сборных России</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>俄罗斯国家队和青年队游泳运动员体格测量、年龄相关指标和运动表现指标的多变量相关性分析</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4441-4793</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5801-4238</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ryazantsev</surname><given-names>Andrey I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рязанцев</surname><given-names>Андрей Игоревич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Ryazantsev</surname><given-names>Andrey I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>reza.a.i@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7466-3651</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7369-2925</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Grebennikova</surname><given-names>Irina N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гребенникова</surname><given-names>Ирина Николаевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Grebennikova</surname><given-names>Irina N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology), Assistant Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, доцент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology), Assistant Professor</p></bio><email>i160463@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8633-1254</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9170-4604</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Subotyalov</surname><given-names>Mikhail A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Суботялов</surname><given-names>Михаил Альбертович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Subotyalov</surname><given-names>Mikhail A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><email>subotyalov@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Novosibirsk State Pedagogical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="kk"></institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="pt"></institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Новосибирский государственный педагогический университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Novosibirsk State Pedagogical University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Sports School of Olympic Reserve "Center for Water Sports"</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Спортивная школа олимпийского резерва «Центр водных видов спорта»</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Sports School of Olympic Reserve "Center for Water Sports"</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Novosibirsk State Pedagogical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Новосибирский государственный педагогический университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Novosibirsk State Pedagogical University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Novosibirsk National Research State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Новосибирский национальный исследовательский государственный университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Novosibirsk National Research State University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-03-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-08-07" publication-format="electronic"><day>07</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>164</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>349</fpage><lpage>362</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-07-21"><day>21</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-12-02"><day>02</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2026,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2029-08-07"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://j-morphology.com/1026-3543/article/view/688022">https://j-morphology.com/1026-3543/article/view/688022</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold>Anthropometric status is an important criterion for success in swimming. Studying the anatomical and morphological features of the Russian national team swimmers may provide insight into the physical development of the country's top swimmers and identify trends in the development of competitive swimming.</p> <p><bold>AIM: </bold>To determine the degree of dependence of athletic performance on anthropometric indicators in the male swimmers of the main and junior Russian national teams.</p> <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> The study involved 27 male athletes who are part of the main and/or junior national swimming team. The inclusion criteria for the study were: athletes who had undergone an in-depth medical examination at institutions under the Federal Medical and Biological Agency; the absence of acute illnesses during the month before and at the time of the examination; the presence of chronic illnesses (if any) in remission for at least one month before and at the time of the examination; and athletes on the roster of the main and/or junior Russian national swimming team, holding a qualification of at least Master of Sports and scoring at least 700 points on the World Aquatics points table. The examination included: collection of medical and sports histories; analysis of final competition protocols for 2024 to determine each athlete's best score in World Aquatics points regardless of pool length; and anthropometric measurements: standing body length, body weight, and the mass and proportions of fat and lean components by bioimpedance analysis. Additionally, the following anatomical and morphological indices were calculated: absolute and relative body surface area, weight-to-height index, Quetelet index (BMI), Rohrer index, and fat and lean body mass component indices.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>The study showed that representatives of the main (adult) national team had larger total body dimensions than junior swimmers; significant differences were found in body weight and body surface area (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.01 for both). Adult swimmers were taller (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.05), had a stronger physique (weight-to-height index, <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.01; BMI, <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.05), and had a more developed absolute lean body mass (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.05). Masters of Sports and International Masters of Sports also differed in total body dimensions (body weight and body surface area, <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.01 for both), physique (weight-to-height index, <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.01; BMI, <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.05), and lean body mass (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.01). The differences found in the body composition indices suggest that as sports mastery increases, the importance of absolute lean body mass grows, while the contribution of total body dimensions becomes negligible.</p> <p>The most significant correlates of anthropometric status and athletic performance were: the ratio of absolute lean body mass to body surface area (<italic>r</italic> = 0.658), body surface area (<italic>r</italic> = 0.623), the ratio of absolute lean body mass to body length (<italic>r</italic> = 0.621), absolute lean body mass (<italic>r</italic> = 0.612), the ratio of relative fat mass to body surface area (<italic>r</italic> = –0.589), body length (<italic>r</italic> = 0.577), and relative body surface area (<italic>r</italic> = –0.544).</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Overall, the men's national swimming team shows a tendency toward improved athletic performance with an increase in a number of anatomical and morphological characteristics. It is likely that to further improve their athletic performance and achieve continued growth in sports results, male swimmers, particularly juniors, need to increase their absolute lean body mass, primarily by gaining skeletal muscle mass.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование. </bold>Антропометрический статус служит важным критерием успеха в плавании. Изучение анатомо-морфологических особенностей пловцов сборной команды России позволит получить представление о физическом развитии лучших пловцов страны и обозначить тенденции развития спортивного плавания.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования </bold>— определить степень зависимости спортивного мастерства от антропометрических показателей у пловцов основной и юниорской мужских сборных России.</p> <p><bold>Методы. </bold>В исследовании приняли участие 27 спортсменов мужского пола, входящих в состав основной и/или юниорский национальной сборной по плаванию. Критерии включения в исследование: спортсмены, прошедшие углублённое медицинское обследование на базе учреждений, подведомственных Федеральному медико-биологическому агентству; отсутствие острых заболеваний в течение месяца до и во время обследования; хронические заболевания (при наличии) в стадии ремиссии не менее месяца до и во время обследования; спортсмены, входящие в списочный состав членов основной и/или юниорской сборной России по плаванию, имеющие квалификацию не ниже звания «Мастер спорта» и набирающие не менее 700 очков по таблице World Aquatics. Обследование включало: сбор общего и спортивного анамнезов; изучение итоговых протоколов соревнований за 2024 год для определения лучшего результата спортсмена по очкам World Aquatics без учёта длины бассейна; антропометрические измерения — длины тела в положении стоя, массы тела, массы и долей жирового и обезжиренного компонентов методом биоимпедансометрии. Дополнительно рассчитывали анатомо-морфологические индексы: абсолютную и относительную площадь поверхности тела, весо-ростовой индекс, индекс Кетле, индекс Рорера, индексы жирового и обезжиренного компонентов массы тела.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Для представителей основной (взрослой) сборной команды характерны высокие тотальные размеры тела; масса тела и площадь поверхности тела у них статистически значимо больше, чем у пловцов юниорской сборной (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0,01 в обоих случаях). У взрослых пловцов выше рост (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0,05), крепче телосложение (весо-ростовой индекс <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0,01, индекс Кетле <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0,05) и сильнее развита абсолютная тощая масса тела (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0,05). Мастера спорта и мастера спорта международного класса также различались по тотальным размерам тела (масса тела и площадь поверхности тела, <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0,01 для обоих показателей), крепости телосложения (весо-ростовой индекс <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0,01, индекс Кетле <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0,05) и тощей массе тела (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0,01). Выявленные различия в индексах, отражающих компонентный состав тела, указывают на увеличение важности показателя абсолютной тощей массы тела по мере роста спортивного мастерства, при этом вклад тотальных размеров тела нивелируется.</p> <p>Наиболее значимыми коррелятами антропометрического статуса и спортивного мастерства стали: отношение абсолютной тощей массы к площади поверхности тела (<italic>r</italic> = 0,658), площадь поверхности тела (<italic>r</italic> = 0,623), отношение абсолютной тощей массы к длине тела (<italic>r</italic> = 0,621), абсолютная тощая масса тела (<italic>r</italic> = 0,612), отношение относительной жировой массы к площади поверхности тела (<italic>r</italic> = −0,589), длина тела (<italic>r</italic> = 0,577), относительная площадь поверхности тела (<italic>r</italic> = −0,544).</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> В целом, в мужской национальной сборной по плаванию прослеживается тенденция к росту спортивного мастерства по мере увеличения ряда анатомо-морфологических показателей. Вероятнее всего, для повышения спортивного мастерства и дальнейшего роста спортивных результатов пловцам мужской сборной, в частности юниорам, необходимо увеличивать абсолютную тощую массу тела, преимущественно за счёт наращивания скелетно-мышечной массы.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p><bold>论证。</bold>体格测量指标是游泳运动成功的重要标准。研究俄罗斯国家队游泳运动员的解剖和形态特征，有助于深入了解该国顶尖游泳运动员的身体发育情况，并识别竞技游泳的发展趋势。</p> <p><bold>目的。</bold>本研究旨在确定俄罗斯男子国家队和青年队游泳运动员的运动技能水平与体格测量指标之间的相关程度。</p> <p><bold>方法。</bold>本研究纳入27名男性运动员，均为国家游泳队（包括成年队和/或青年队）成员。纳入标准：在联邦医学和生物学署下属机构接受过详细体检的运动员；体检前一个月及体检期间无急性疾病；慢性疾病（如有）在体检前一个月及体检期间处于缓解期；运动员须为俄罗斯国家游泳队（包括成年队和/或青年队）在册成员，至少拥有“运动健将”称号，且在世界游泳积分榜上至少获得700分。体检内容包括：收集运动员的一般病史和运动史；查阅2024年最终比赛成绩单，以确定运动员在世界游泳积分榜上的最佳成绩（不考虑泳池长度）；采用生物电阻抗分析法测量运动员的身高、体重以及脂肪和非脂肪成分的质量和比例。此外，还计算了解剖学和形态学指标：绝对和相对体表面积、体重身高指数、Quetelet 指数、Rohrer 指数以及脂肪和非脂肪体重指数。</p> <p><bold>结果。</bold>成年队队员的总体体型较大；他们的体重和体表面积均显著高于青年国家队队员（p &lt; 0.01）。 成年队队员身高更高（p &lt; 0.05），体格更健壮（体重身高指数 p &lt; 0.01，Quetelet 指数 p &lt; 0.05），绝对瘦体重更发达（p &lt; 0.05）。运动健将和国际级运动健将的总体体型（体重和体表面积，p &lt; 0.01）、体格健壮程度（体重身高指数 p &lt; 0.01，Quetelet 指数 p &lt; 0.05）以及瘦体重（p &lt; 0.01）也存在显著差异。反映身体组成成分的各项指标的差异表明，随着运动技能水平的提高，绝对瘦体重指标的重要性日益增加，而总体尺寸的贡献则趋于消失。</p> <p>与人体测量学状况和运动技能最显著相关的指标包括：绝对瘦体重与体表面积的比值（r = 0.658）、体表面积（r = 0.623）、绝对瘦体重与身长的比值（r = 0.621）、绝对瘦体重（r = 0.612）、相对脂肪量与体表面积的比值（r = -0.589）、身长（r = 0.577）以及相对体表面积（r = -0.544）。</p> <p><bold>结论。</bold>总体而言，随着多项解剖学和形态学参数的增加，男子国家游泳队的运动技能水平也呈现出提高的趋势。为了进一步提高运动技能水平并提升运动成绩，男子国家游泳队队员，尤其是青年队员，很可能需要增加其绝对瘦体重，主要途径是增加骨骼肌质量。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>swimmers</kwd><kwd>men's Russian national team</kwd><kwd>total body dimensions</kwd><kwd>body composition</kwd><kwd>lean body mass</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>пловцы</kwd><kwd>мужская сборная России</kwd><kwd>тотальные размеры тела</kwd><kwd>компонентный состав тела</kwd><kwd>тощая масса тела</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>游泳运动员</kwd><kwd>俄罗斯男子国家队</kwd><kwd>总体尺寸</kwd><kwd>身体成分</kwd><kwd>瘦体重</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Momot DA, Bakhmudov GG, Rakhmanov RS, Gadjiibragimov. Physical development of adult population as a criteria of prenosological diagnostics. Bulletin of Eastern-Siberian scientific center. 2010;4(74):199–202. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Lee TL, Lin FJ, Yeh CF, et al. Evaluating the potential of waist-to-BMI ratio, a body shape index, and other anthropometric parameters in predicting cardiovascular disease mortality: evidence from NHANES III. BMC Public Health. 2025;25(1):1828. doi: 10.1186/s12889-025-22944-5 EDN: YOSPIV</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Morais JE, Barbosa TM, Forte P, et al. Young swimmers’ anthropometrics, biomechanics, energetics, and efficiency as underlying performance factors: a systematic narrative review. Front Physiol. 2021;12: 691919. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.691919 EDN: XCNIAU</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Cortesi M, Gatta G, Michielon G, et. al. Passive drag in young swimmers: effects of body composition, morphology and gliding position. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(6):2002. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17062002 EDN: FAEESW</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Davydov VYu, V. B. Avdienko VB. Selection and orientation of swimmers based on body build indicators in the system of long-term training: theoretical and practical aspects. Moscow: Sovetskiy sport; 2014. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Timakova TS. Factors of sports selection, or who becomes an Olympic champion. Moscow: Sport; 2018. (In Russ.) ISBN: 978-5-9500180-5-3 EDN: XSOYYX</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Perova EN, Ryazantsev IV, Ryazantsev AI, Golomedov MR. Features of morphofunctional indicators of crawler swimmers in adolescence with regard to different specialization. OlymPlus (Humanitarian Version): International Scientific and Practical journal. 2023;(1):72–77. doi: 10.46554/OlymPlus.2023.1(16).pp.72 EDN: YJOCAL</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Ryazantsev AI, Grebennikova IN, Subotyalov MA. Anthropometric profile of 13-14-year-old swimmers with different sport specializations. Avicenna Bulletin. 2025;27(2):270–279. doi: 10.25005/2074-0581-2025-27-2-270-279 EDN: YDXWAO</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Hawes MR, Sovak D. Morphological prototypes, assessment and change in elite athletes. J Sports Sci. 1994;12(3):235–242. doi: 10.1080/02640419408732168</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Guba VP. Morphobiomechanical studies in sport. Moscow: SportAkademPress; 2000. (In Russ.) ISBN: 5-8134-0026-5</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Bulgakova NZh, editor. Selection and training of young swimmers. Moscow: Fizkul’tura i sport; 1986. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Markovic V, Miloševic M. Associations between morphological dimensions and swimming time in different swimming styles. J Anthr Sport Phys Educ. 2023;7(4):7–12. doi: 10.26773/jaspe.231002</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Bjerring AW, Landgraff HEW, Leirstein S, et al. From talented child to elite athlete: The development of cardiac morphology and function in a cohort of endurance athletes from age 12 to 18. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2021;28(10):1061–1067. doi: 10.1177/2047487320921317</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Politko О. Features of morphological and functional characteristics of young swimmers 14–18 years. Slobozhansky Herald of Science and Sport. 2015;45(1):95–99. doi: 10.15391/snsv.2015-1.018</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Bulgakova NZh, Vorontsov AR, Solomatin VR, Chebotareva IV. Age-related dynamics of morphological, strength, and functional indicators limiting the sports performance of swimmers aged 11–18 as a basis for long-term training and selection. In: Works of GTSOLIFKa scientists: 75 years: Yearbook. Moscow; 1993. P:242–252. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Alves M, Carvalho DD, Fernandes RJ, Vilas-Boas JP. How anthropometrics of young and adolescent swimmers influence stroking parameters and performance? A systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(5):2543. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19052543 EDN: ZYBZRG</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Nesterova AS, Barbashov SV. Technologies of sport selection and orientation of children to swimming in different styles. Modern Issues of Biomedicine. 2023;7(3). doi: 10.24412/2588-0500-2023_07_03_38</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Khristov VV. A comprehensive approach to the selection and identification of sport-gifted children in swimming at the early stages of long-term training. Theory and Practice of Physical Culture. 2005;8:36–37. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Benjanuvatra N, Blanksby BA, Elliott BC. Morphology and hydrodynamic resistance in young swimmers. Pediatric Exercise Science. 2001;13(3):246–255. doi: 10.1123/pes.13.3.246 EDN: LPMWXV</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Naemi R, Easson WJ, Sanders RH. Hydrodynamic glide efficiency in swimming. J Sci Med Sport. 2010;13(4):444–451. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2009.04.009</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Naemi R, Sanders RH. A “hydrokinematic” method of measuring the glide efficiency of a human swimmer. J Biomech Eng. 2008;130(6):061006. doi: 10.1115/1.3002764</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Tijani JM, Zouhal H, Rhibi F, et al. Relationship between anthropometry and stroking parameters of front crawl sprint performance in young swimmers. Med Sport. 2019;72:355–365. doi: 10.23736/S0025-7826.19.03427-6</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Keskinen KL, Tilli LJ, Komi PV. Maximum velocity swimming interrelationships of stroking characteristics force production and anthropometric variables. Scandinavian journal of sports sciences. 1989;11(2):87–92.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Nevill AM, Oxford SW, Duncan MJ. Optimal body size and limb length ratios associated with 100-m personal-best swim speeds. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2015;47(8):1714–1718. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000586</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Dopsaj M, Zuoziene IJ, Milić R, et al. Body composition in international sprint swimmers: are there any relations with performance? Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(24):9464. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17249464 EDN: CAWCTG</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Dos Santos MAM, Henrique RS, Salvina AHO, et al. The influence of anthropometric variables, body composition, propulsive force and maturation on 50m freestyle swimming performance in junior swimmers: An allometric approach. J Sports Sci. 2021;39(14):1615–1620. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1891685 EDN: WLONAD</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>González-Ravé JM, González-Mohino F, Hermosilla Perona F, et al. Biomechanical, physiological and anthropometric determinants of backstroke swimming performance: A systematic review. Sports Med Open. 2025;11(1):68. doi: 10.1186/s40798-025-00868-z EDN: WVNKNQ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Clemente-Suárez VJ, Fuentes-García JP, Fernandes RJ, Vilas-Boas JP. Psychological and physiological features associated with swimming performance. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(9):4561. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18094561 EDN: PWBLAJ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Pla R, Leroy A, Massal R, et al. Bayesian approach to quantify morphological impact on performance in international elite freestyle swimming. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 2019;5(1):e000543. doi: 10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000543</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Ferraz R, Branquinho L, Loupo R, et al. The relationship between anthropometric characteristics and sports performance in national-level young swimmers. European Journal of Human Movement. 2020;45:12–25. doi: 10.21134/eurjhm.2020.45.2 EDN: FWVTQM</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Thorland WG, Johnson GO, Housh TJ, Refsell MJ. Anthropometric characteristics of elite adolescent competitive swimmers. Hum Biol. 1983;55(4):735–748.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Rejman M, Nevill AM, Garrido ND, et al. Identification of key somatic features that are common and the ones that differ between swim strokes through allometric modeling. Front Sports Act Living. 2023;5:1308033. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1308033 EDN: IVJVKR</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Nicol E, Pearson S, Saxby D, et al. The association of range of motion, dryland strength-power, anthropometry, and velocity in elite breaststroke swimmers. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2022;17(8):1222–1230. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0544 EDN: NCAMJT</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Matarazzo A, D’Angelo A, D’Anastasio R, Ripari P. Hand anthropometry of Italian elite male swimmers. Int J Morphology. 2024;42(1):82–85. doi: 10.4067/S0717-95022024000100082 EDN: KUOBNK</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Mazzilli F. Body height and swimming performance in 50 and 100 m freestyle Olympic and world championship swimming events: 1908 - 2016. J Hum Kinet. 2019;66:205–213. doi: 10.2478/hukin-2018-0068</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Gagnon CM, Steiper ME, Pontzer H. Elite swimmers do not exhibit a body mass index trade-off across a wide range of event distances. Proc Biol Sci. 2018;285(1882):20180684. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2018.0684</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Lavoie JM, Montpetit RR. Applied physiology of swimming. Sports Med. 1986;3(3):165–189. doi: 10.2165/00007256-198603030-00002 EDN: YTUACW</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Born DP, Schönfelder M, Logan O, et al. Performance development of European swimmers across the Olympic cycle. Front Sports Act Living. 2022;4:894066. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2022.894066 EDN: QFGMGE</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Khosla T. Physique of female swimmers and divers from the 1976 Montreal Olympics. JAMA. 1984;252(4):536–537.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Jakše B, Lipošek S, Zenić N, Šajber D. Olympic cycle comparison of the nutritional and cardiovascular health status of an elite-level female swimmer: case study report from Slovenia. Sports (Basel). 2022;10(5):63. doi: 10.3390/sports10050063 EDN: IFPQAC</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Shaw G, Mujika I. Anthropometric profiles of elite open-water swimmers. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2018;13(1):115–118. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2016-0741</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Medeiros RM, Alves ES, Lemos VA, et al. Assessment of body composition and sport performance of Brazilian paralympic swim team athletes. J Sport Rehabil. 2016;25(4):364–370. doi: 10.1123/jsr.2015-0036</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Leake CN, Carter JE. Comparison of body composition and somatotype of trained female triathletes. J Sports Sci. 1991;9(2):125–135. doi: 10.1080/02640419108729874</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Kellett DW, Willan PL, Bagnall KM. A study of potential Olympic swimmers. Part 2. Changes due to three months intensive training. Br J Sports Med. 1978;12(2):87–92. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.12.2.87</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>Abe T, Dankel SJ, Buckner SL, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging-measured skeletal muscle mass to fat-free mass ratio increases with increasing levels of fat-free mass. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2019;59(4):619–623. doi: 10.23736/S0022-4707.18.08683-8</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>Chengalur SN, Brown PL. An analysis of male and female Olympic swimmers in the 200-meter events. Can J Sport Sci. 1992;17(2):104–109.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>Chatard JC, Lavoie JM, Lacour JR. Analysis of determinants of swimming economy in front crawl. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1990;61(1–2):88–92. doi: 10.1007/BF00236699 EDN: NDRBLE</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>Tumanyan GS, Martirosov EG. Body structure and sport. Moscow: Fizkul’tura i sport; 1976. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
