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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Morphology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Morphology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Морфология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1026-3543</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2949-2556</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">688357</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/morph.688357</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">SWEGOV</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Study Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Structural and ultrastructural changes in striated skeletal muscle tissue following high-energy injuries in the early post-traumatic period</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Структурные и ультраструктурные изменения поперечно-полосатой скелетной мышечной ткани после высокоэнергетических повреждений в ранний посттравматический период</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>横纹骨骼肌组织在高能量损伤后早期创伤期的结构与超微结构变化</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0425-9532</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zakharov</surname><given-names>Pavel A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Захаров</surname><given-names>Павел Андреевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Zakharov</surname><given-names>Pavel A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>P.zakharov2510@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7610-998X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ovchinnikova</surname><given-names>Alena A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Овчинникова</surname><given-names>Алёна Андреевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Ovchinnikova</surname><given-names>Alena A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>ovchinnikova_aa@student.med.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5188-1890</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tolkachev</surname><given-names>Yaroslav D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Толкачев</surname><given-names>Ярослав Дмитриевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Tolkachev</surname><given-names>Yaroslav D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>yaroslav.tolkachev.06@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2732-5676</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1852-6469</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gladyshev</surname><given-names>Nikita S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гладышев</surname><given-names>Никита Сергеевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Gladyshev</surname><given-names>Nikita S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>krinege@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0835-1545</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7410-1681</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pecherskaya</surname><given-names>Maria S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Печерская</surname><given-names>Мария Сергеевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Pecherskaya</surname><given-names>Maria S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>dr.uskova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4109-0105</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5605-1140</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Emelin</surname><given-names>Aleksey M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Емелин</surname><given-names>Алексей Михайлович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Emelin</surname><given-names>Aleksey M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>eamar40rn@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0994-9787</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4909-6550</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Limaev</surname><given-names>Igor S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лимаев</surname><given-names>Игорь Сергеевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Limaev</surname><given-names>Igor S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>ig.limaev@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3580-1492</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2416-2075</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Buchaka</surname><given-names>Anton S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бучака</surname><given-names>Антон Сергеевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Buchaka</surname><given-names>Anton S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>abpao62@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0126-4473</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5994-7650</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chekmareva</surname><given-names>Irina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чекмарева</surname><given-names>Ирина Александровна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Chekmareva</surname><given-names>Irina A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><email>chia236@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6251-2560</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5647-1372</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kozlova</surname><given-names>Maria A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Козлова</surname><given-names>Мария Александровна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Kozlova</surname><given-names>Maria A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><email>ma.kozlova2021@outlook.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3006-6281</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4348-6781</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Areshidze</surname><given-names>David A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Арешидзе</surname><given-names>Давид Александрович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Areshidze</surname><given-names>David A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><email>labcelpat@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4265-012X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1441-7163</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shchedrina</surname><given-names>Marina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Щедрина</surname><given-names>Марина Анатольевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Shchedrina</surname><given-names>Marina A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><email>Schcedrina-m@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3858-2371</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9659-4740</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Onnitsev</surname><given-names>Igor E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Онницев</surname><given-names>Игорь Евгеньевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Onnitsev</surname><given-names>Igor E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Dr. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><email>ionnicev@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8389-3841</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2957-1687</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Deev</surname><given-names>Roman V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Деев</surname><given-names>Роман Вадимович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Deev</surname><given-names>Roman V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor</p></bio><email>romdey@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный центр хирургии им. акад. Б.В. Петровского</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="kk"></institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="pt"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный центр хирургии им. акад. Б.В. Петровского</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">A.V. Vishnevsky National Medical Research Center of Surgery</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр хирургии им. А.В. Вишневского</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">A.V. Vishnevsky National Medical Research Center of Surgery</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр хирургии им. А.В. Вишневского</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Main Military Clinical Hospital named after Academician N.N. Burdenko</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Главный военный клинический госпиталь им. Н.Н. Бурденко</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Main Military Clinical Hospital named after Academician N.N. Burdenko</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-09-09" publication-format="electronic"><day>09</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-10-23" publication-format="electronic"><day>23</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>163</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>363</fpage><lpage>377</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-07-27"><day>27</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-08-02"><day>02</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2025,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2028-10-23"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://j-morphology.com/1026-3543/article/view/688357">https://j-morphology.com/1026-3543/article/view/688357</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold>With the sharp increase in mine-explosive injuries, one of the key tasks of modern histology is to assess the morphogenesis of high-energy limb tissue damage.</p> <p><bold>AIM: </bold>This study aimed to characterize striated skeletal muscle tissue in the zone of mine-explosive limb segment avulsion during the early post-traumatic period (days 1–4).</p> <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Histological methods (hematoxylin and eosin staining and Martius Scarlet Blue [MSB] staining for fibrin age determination), immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence techniques (antibodies to CD3, CD20, CD31 [Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1], CD68, and NETs [Neutrophil Extracellular Traps]), transmission electron microscopy, and morphometric analyses were applied.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Post-traumatic pathological changes affected both muscle tissue (necrosis, fiber fragmentation, traumatic edema) and endomysial and perimysial connective tissue (traumatic edema, fibrin infiltration). Disruption of the cytoskeletal structure (sarcomeres), loss of myosatellite cells, and endothelial cell death in capillaries were observed. Local hemodynamic disturbances manifested as mosaic thrombosis, embolism, and hemorrhage. Within the first 24 hours, arterial and arteriolar spasms led to reduced tissue perfusion. Partial resolution of the spasms by day 4 likely corresponded to the second stage of traumatic shock (the torpid phase). Among leukocytes, CD68<sup>+</sup> macrophages were the first to respond, with extravasation beginning on day 2 after injury. A similar trend was observed for CD3<sup>+</sup> T cells. CD20<sup>+</sup> B cells showed no morphological signs of reactivity during this period. NET formation was observed both intravascularly and in the extravascular compartment.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>Structural and ultrastructural changes in skeletal muscle tissue within the first 4 days after mine-explosive injury have been characterized.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> В связи с резким увеличением числа минно-взрывных ранений одной из важных задач современной гистологии становится оценка морфогенеза высокоэнергетических повреждений тканей конечностей.</p> <p><bold>Цель </bold>— охарактеризовать поперечно-полосатую скелетную мышечную ткань в зоне минно-взрывного отрыва части сегмента конечности в ранний посттравматический период (1–4 суток).</p> <p><bold>Методы. </bold>Применены гистологические [окраска гематоксилином и эозином и окраска на давность образования фибрина MSB (Martius Scarlet Blue — окраска по Марццу, Скарлетт и Блю)], иммуногистохимические и иммунофлуоресцентный методы [антитела к CD3, CD20, CD31 (Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1), CD68, NETs (Neutrophil Extracellular Traps)], трансмиссионная электронная микроскопия, морфометрические методы исследования.</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>Установлено, что после травмы патологические изменения затрагивают как мышечную ткань (некроз, фрагментация мышечных волокон, травматический отёк), так и соединительную ткань эндомизия и перимизия (травматический отёк, пропитывание фибрином). Показано нарушение структуры цитоскелета (саркомеров) мышечных волокон, гибель миостателлитоцитов и эндотелиоцитов капилляров. Нарушения местной гемодинамики проявляются мозаичными тромбозами, эмболией и кровоизлияниями. В первые сутки после ранения наблюдали спазм артерий и артериол, приводящий к снижению тканевой перфузии. Спазм частично разрешается к 4-м суткам после травмы, что, вероятно, связано с развитием II периода травматической болезни (торпидная фаза травматического шока). Среди лейкоцитов первыми реагируют CD68<sup>+</sup> макрофаги, что проявляется их экстравазацией начиная со 2-х суток после травмы. Аналогичная тенденция установлена и для CD3<sup>+</sup> Т-лимфоцитов. CD20<sup>+</sup> B-лимфоциты в указанные сроки не проявили морфологических признаков реактивности. Показано формирование NETs как в сосудах, так и во внесосудистом компартменте.</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>Таким образом, охарактеризованы структурные и ультраструктурные изменения мышц в первые 4 суток после минно-взрывного повреждения.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p><bold>论证。</bold>随着地雷爆炸伤数量的急剧增加，评估肢体组织高能量损伤的形态发生学特征成为当代组织学的重要任务之一。</p> <p><bold>目的。</bold>描述在早期创伤期（1–4 天）地雷爆炸致肢体节段缺损区域内横纹骨骼肌组织的变化。</p> <p><bold>方法。</bold>采用组织学方法［苏木精-伊红染色；MSB（三色法，Martius Scarlet Blue）纤维蛋白染色］、免疫组化及免疫荧光方法［CD3、CD20、CD31（Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1）、 CD68、NETs（Neutrophil Extracellular Traps）］，并结合透射电子显微镜及形态计量学方法进行研究。</p> <p><bold>结果。</bold>发现创伤后病理性改变既累及肌肉组织（坏死、肌纤维断裂、创伤性水肿），也波及内肌膜及肌束膜结缔组织（创伤性水肿、纤维蛋白渗出）。肌纤维细胞骨架（肌小节）结构受损，卫星细胞及毛细血管内皮细胞死亡。局部血流动力学紊乱表现为灶性血栓、栓塞及出血。创伤后第1天观察到小动脉及微动脉痉挛，导致组织灌注下降。至第4天痉挛部分缓解，可能与创伤病Ⅱ期（休克迟钝期）的发展有关。在白细胞反应中，CD68<sup>+</sup>巨噬细胞最早反应，自创伤后第2天开始发生血管外渗。CD3<sup>+</sup> T淋巴细胞呈现类似趋势。CD20<sup>+</sup> B淋巴细胞在此阶段未表现出形态学反应性。NETs的形成既见于血管内，也见于血管外间隙。</p> <p><bold>结论。</bold>本研究在地雷爆炸伤后前4天内，对骨骼肌的结构与超微结构变化进行了表征。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>muscle tissue</kwd><kwd>mine-explosive injury</kwd><kwd>trauma</kwd><kwd>damage</kwd><kwd>electron microscopy</kwd><kwd>Kernohan index</kwd><kwd>Wagenvoort index</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>мышечная ткань</kwd><kwd>минно-взрывная травма</kwd><kwd>травма</kwd><kwd>повреждение</kwd><kwd>электронная микроскопия</kwd><kwd>индекс Керногана</kwd><kwd>индекс Вагенворта</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>肌肉组织</kwd><kwd>地雷爆炸伤</kwd><kwd>创伤</kwd><kwd>损伤</kwd><kwd>电子显微镜</kwd><kwd>Kernohan指数</kwd><kwd>Wagenvoort指数</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Government of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Правительство Российской Федерации</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="zh">Government of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Danilov RK. 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