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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Morphology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Morphology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Морфология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1026-3543</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2949-2556</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">690053</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/morph.690053</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">HUZJBZ</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Study Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Progenitor and bihormonal cells in neuroinsular complexes of the developing human pancreas</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Прогениторные и бигормональные клетки в нейроинсулярных комплексах развивающейся поджелудочной железы человека</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>发育中人类胰腺神经岛复合体中的祖细胞和双激素细胞</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9692-3616</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4653-9661</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Krivova</surname><given-names>Yuliya S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кривова</surname><given-names>Юлия Сергеевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Krivova</surname><given-names>Yuliya S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><email>homulkina@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0515-8275</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8899-5104</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Proshchina</surname><given-names>Alexandra E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Прощина</surname><given-names>Александра Евгеньевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Proshchina</surname><given-names>Alexandra E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biology), Assistant Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук, доцент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biology), Assistant Professor</p></bio><email>proshchina@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9285-7241</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8770-0481</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Godovalova</surname><given-names>Olga S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Годовалова</surname><given-names>Ольга Сергеевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Godovalova</surname><given-names>Olga S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><email>godovalova.brain@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1447-7198</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2079-6351</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Saveliev</surname><given-names>Sergey V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Савельев</surname><given-names>Сергей Вячеславович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Saveliev</surname><given-names>Sergey V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biology), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук, профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biology), Professor</p></bio><email>embrains@hotmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный центр хирургии им. акад. Б.В. Петровского</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-01-08" publication-format="electronic"><day>08</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-03-23" publication-format="electronic"><day>23</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>164</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>192</fpage><lpage>205</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-09-02"><day>02</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-09-18"><day>18</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2026,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2029-03-23"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://j-morphology.com/1026-3543/article/view/690053">https://j-morphology.com/1026-3543/article/view/690053</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold>The development of effective treatments for diabetes mellitus directly depends on a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms underlying endocrine cell differentiation and pancreatic islet morphogenesis. Experimental studies have demonstrated that the nervous system plays an important role in regulating these processes. In the developing human pancreas, neural structures closely interact with hormone-containing cells, forming neuroinsular complexes, as well as with epithelial cells, suggesting a potential involvement of the nervous system in pancreatic islet development. To support this hypothesis, data on interactions between neural structures and cells exhibiting a progenitor immunophenotype are essential; however, such data are currently lacking in the scientific sources.</p> <p><bold>AIM: </bold>To investigate the distribution of cells expressing the transcription factor PDX1 and bihormonal cells within neuroinsular complexes during human pancreatic development.</p> <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> The study was performed on autopsy specimens of the pancreas obtained from 15 human fetuses (gestational age of 9–25 weeks). Multiple immunofluorescence staining and confocal microscopy were used. To assess the cellular composition of neuroinsular complexes, various combinations of antibodies were applied: against endocrine cell hormones (insulin, glucagon, somatostatin), against the transcription factor PDX1 (pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1), and against the neural marker neuron-specific β3-tubulin.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Triple immunofluorescence staining with antibodies against insulin, PDX1, and β3-tubulin revealed cells with a progenitor immunophenotype characteristic of ductal epithelial cells within neuroinsular complexes: insulin<sup>−</sup>/PDX1<sup>+</sup>/β3-tubulin<sup>−</sup> and insulin<sup>−</sup>/PDX1<sup>+</sup>/β3-tubulin<sup>+</sup> cells. Starting from the 9th week of gestation, such cells were detected in isolated ganglia, and from the 14th week onward, in ganglia integrated with pancreatic islets within neuroinsular complexes. In specimens stained with insulin/glucagon/β3-tubulin and insulin/somatostatin/β3-tubulin antibody combinations, bihormonal insulin<sup>+</sup>/glucagon<sup>+</sup> and insulin<sup>+</sup>/somatostatin<sup>+</sup> cells were identified within neuroinsular complexes.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The present study demonstrates spatial integration of neural structures with cells exhibiting a progenitor immunophenotype and with bihormonal cells in the developing human pancreas. These bihormonal cells are regarded by most authors as endocrine cells at a stage of differentiation and maturation. Such integration may be necessary for the regulation of β-cell mass and maturation, as well as for modulation of pancreatic islet morphogenesis, as previously shown in experimental studies in animal models and cell cultures.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование. </bold>Разработка эффективных способов лечения сахарного диабета напрямую зависит от полноты представлений о механизмах дифференцировки эндокринных клеток и морфогенеза островков поджелудочной железы. В экспериментальных работах показано, что важную роль в регуляции этих процессов играет нервная система. В развивающейся поджелудочной железе человека структуры нервной системы тесно взаимодействуют с гормоносодержащими клетками, образуя нейроинсулярные комплексы, а также с эпителиальными клетками, что свидетельствует о возможном участии нервной системы в развитии панкреатических островков. Для подтверждения этой гипотезы крайне важны данные о взаимодействиях структур нервной системы с клетками, обладающими прогениторным иммунофенотипом, которые в современной литературе отсутствуют.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> — изучить распределение клеток, содержащих фактор транскрипции PDX1, и бигормональных клеток в составе нейроинсулярных комплексов при развитии поджелудочной железы у человека.</p> <p><bold>Методы. </bold>Исследование выполнено на аутопсийном материале поджелудочной железы 15 плодов (гестационный возраст 9–25 недель) с использованием методов множественного иммунофлуоресцентного окрашивания и конфокальной микроскопии. Для оценки клеточного состава нейроинсулярных комплексов применяли антитела в различных комбинациях: к гормонам эндокринных клеток — инсулину, глюкагону, соматостатину; к фактору транскрипции PDX1 (Pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1); к маркеру нервной системы — нейрон-специфическому β3-тубулину.</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>При тройном иммунофлуоресцентном окрашивания антителами к инсулину, PDX1 и β3-тубулину в нейроинсулярных комплексах обнаружены клетки с прогениторным иммунофенотипом, характерным для эпителиоцитов протоков — инсулин<sup>−</sup>/PDX1<sup>+</sup>/β3-тубулин<sup>−</sup> и инсулин<sup>−</sup>/PDX1<sup>+</sup>/β3-тубулин<sup>+</sup>. Начиная с 9-й недели внутриутробного развития такие клетки присутствовали в отдельно расположенных ганглиях, а с 14-й недели — и в ганглиях, интегрированных с панкреатическими островками в нейроинсулярные комплексы. На препаратах, окрашенных комбинациями антител инсулин/глюкагон/β3-тубулин и инсулин/соматостатин/β3-тубулин, в нейроинсулярных комплексах выявлены бигормональные инсулин<sup>+</sup>/глюкагон<sup>+</sup> и инсулин<sup>+</sup>/соматостатин<sup>+</sup> клетки.</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>В результате проведённого исследования в развивающейся поджелудочной железе человека обнаружена пространственная интеграция структур нервной системы с клетками, обладающими прогениторным иммунофенотипом, и бигормональными клетками, которые рассматриваются большинством авторов как эндокринные клетки на стадии дифференцировки и созревания. Можно предположить, что такая интеграция необходима для регуляции массы β-клеток и их созревания, а также для модуляции морфогенеза островков поджелудочной железы, что показано в экспериментальных работах на животных и культурах клеток.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p><bold>论证。</bold>开发有效的糖尿病治疗方法直接取决于对内分泌细胞分化机制和胰岛形态发生机制的全面了解。实验研究表明，神经系统在调节这些过程中起着重要作用。在发育中的人类胰腺中，神经系统的结构与含激素细胞密切相互作用，形成神经岛复合体，并与上皮细胞相互作用，这表明神经系统可能参与胰岛的发育。为证实这一假设，关于神经系统结构与具有祖细胞免疫表型的细胞之间相互作用的数据至关重要，而此类数据在现有文献中尚属空白。</p> <p><bold>目的。</bold>本研究旨在调查人类胰腺发育过程中含有转录因子PDX1的细胞和双激素细胞在神经岛复合体内的分布。</p> <p><bold>方法。</bold>本研究采用多重免疫荧光染色和共聚焦显微镜技术，对15例胎儿（胎龄9-25周）的尸检胰腺组织进行分析。为评估神经岛复合体的细胞组成，使用了多种抗体组合：针对内分泌细胞激素（胰岛素、胰高血糖素、生长抑素）的抗体；针对转录因子PDX1（胰腺和十二指肠同源框1）的抗体；以及针对神经系统标志物 — — 神经元特异性β3-微管蛋白的抗体。</p> <p><bold>结果。</bold>使用胰岛素、PDX1 和 β3-微管蛋白抗体进行三重免疫荧光染色显示，存在具有导管上皮细胞特征性祖细胞免疫表型的细胞：胰岛素阴性/PDX1阳性/β3-微管蛋白阴性 和 胰岛素阴性/PDX1阳性/β3-微管蛋白阳性。从宫内发育第9周起，此类细胞存在于孤立的神经节中；从第14周起，也存在于与胰岛整合形成神经岛复合体的神经节中。在使用胰岛素/胰高血糖素/β3-微管蛋白和胰岛素/生长抑素/β3-微管蛋白抗体组合染色的标本中，神经岛复合体内检测到了胰岛素阳性/胰高血糖素阳性和胰岛素阳性/生长抑素阳性的双激素细胞。</p> <p><bold>结论。</bold>本研究发现，在发育中的人类胰腺中，神经系统结构与具有祖细胞免疫表型的细胞以及双激素细胞（被大多数学者认为是处于分化和成熟阶段的内分泌细胞）存在空间整合。可以推测，这种整合对于调节 β 细胞数量及其成熟，以及调控胰岛形态发生至关重要，后者已在动物实验和细胞培养中得到证实。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>human development</kwd><kwd>pancreas</kwd><kwd>peripheral nervous system</kwd><kwd>insulin</kwd><kwd>glucagon</kwd><kwd>somatostatin</kwd><kwd>PDX1</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>развитие человека</kwd><kwd>поджелудочная железа</kwd><kwd>периферическая нервная система</kwd><kwd>инсулин</kwd><kwd>глюкагон</kwd><kwd>соматостатин</kwd><kwd>PDX1</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>人类发育</kwd><kwd>胰腺</kwd><kwd>外周神经系统</kwd><kwd>胰岛素</kwd><kwd>胰高血糖素</kwd><kwd>生长抑素</kwd><kwd>PDX1</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Правительство Российской Федерации</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Government of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="zh">Government of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>123053000048-6</award-id></award-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study and manuscript preparation were carried out as part of State Assignment No. 123053000048-6</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование и написание статьи выполнены в рамках государственного задания № 123053000048-6</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="zh">The study and manuscript preparation were carried out as part of State Assignment No. 123053000048-6</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>GBD 2021 Diabetes Collaborators. 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