<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Morphology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Morphology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Морфология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1026-3543</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2949-2556</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">693144</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/morph.693144</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Study Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Unknown</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The effect of preterm birth on rat testicular development: a morphological study</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Влияние преждевременного рождения на развитие семенников у крыс: морфологическое исследование</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title/></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2530-1112</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivanova</surname><given-names>Vera V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иванова</surname><given-names>Вера Владимировна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат биологических наук, доцент, доцент кафедры морфологии и общей патологии</p></bio><email>ivvera92@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2924-0724</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3572-7818</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Serebryakova</surname><given-names>Olga N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Серебрякова</surname><given-names>Ольга Николаевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ассистент кафедры морфологии и общей патологии</p></bio><email>oserebryakovan@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5310-6318</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dolbnya</surname><given-names>Andrey D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Долбня</surname><given-names>Андрей Дмитриевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ассистент кафедры морфологии и общей патологии</p></bio><email>adolbnya1@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7226-0328</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8212-0215</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pleshko</surname><given-names>Raisa I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Плешко</surname><given-names>Раиса Ивановна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, профессор кафедры морфологии и общей патологии</p></bio><email>raisap57@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9764-4392</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4919-2033</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Milto</surname><given-names>Ivan V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мильто</surname><given-names>Иван Васильевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.б.н., доцент, заведующий кафедрой морфологии и общей патологии</p></bio><email>milto_bio@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Siberian State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Сибирский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en"></institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Сибирский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-02-25" publication-format="electronic"><day>25</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>164</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-10-14"><day>14</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-11-27"><day>27</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; , Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; , Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; ,</copyright-statement><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2029-02-25"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://j-morphology.com/1026-3543/article/view/693144">https://j-morphology.com/1026-3543/article/view/693144</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold><italic>BACKGROUND: </italic></bold><italic>Newborns experience activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis, known as minipuberty. Preterm birth in boys has been associated with an imbalance of sex hormones during the neonatal period, but whether preterm birth affects testicular development has not been adequately studied.</italic></p> <p><bold><italic>AIM:</italic></bold><italic> To provide a morphological characterization of the testes of immature rats born 24 hours preterm.</italic></p> <p><bold><italic>METHODS:</italic></bold><italic> The object of the study was the testes of full-term and preterm born Wistar rats on the 14th and 28th days of the postnatal period of ontogenesis, 5 rats in each group at each time point. Full-term offspring of rats (duration of intrauterine development period is 22 days) were obtained as a result of natural birth of rats. Preterm born rat offspring (duration of intrauterine development period is 21 days) were obtained as a result of induction of preterm labor in rats with mifepristone. A histological, immunohistochemical (detection of activated caspase 3) and morphometric study of the testes of full-term and preterm rats was carried out.</italic></p> <p><bold><italic>RESULTS:</italic></bold><italic> The microstructure of the testes of preterm and full-term rats on the 14th and 28th days of the postnatal period of ontogenesis is similar. However, the diameter of the convoluted seminiferous tubules of pretermy born rats on the 14th day of the postnatal period of ontogenesis is lower than that of full-term rats (p=0.000), the differences are leveled out by the 28th day. In preterm born rats, the number of interstitial endocrinocytes of the testis with morphological signs of functional activity on the 28th day of the postnatal period of ontogenesis is higher than in full-term animals (p=0.000). Preterm birth leads to an increase in the number of caspase 3-positive spermatogenic cells on the 28th day (p=0.000), as well as caspase 3-positive interstitial endocrinocytes of the testis on the 14th (p=0.000) and 28th days (p=0.000) of the postnatal period of ontogenesis.</italic></p> <p><bold><italic>CONCLUSION: </italic></bold><italic>Preterm birth affects the structure of the testes of immature rats. The rate of spermatogenesis in preterm animals is unchanged, but their testes exhibit a higher rate of apoptotic death of spermatogenic and steroidogenic cells than those of full-term animals.</italic></p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование. </bold>У новорождённых детей наблюдается активация гипоталамо-гипофизарно-семенниковой оси, известная как минипубертат. При недоношенности у мальчиков в период новорождённости отмечен дисбаланс половых гормонов, однако оказывает ли преждевременное рождение влияние на развитие семенников, изучено недостаточно.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования. </bold>Дать морфологическую характеристику семенников неполовозрелых крыс, рождённых на 24 ч ранее срока.</p> <p><bold>Методы. </bold>Объектом исследования послужили семенники доношенных и преждевременно рождённых крыс Вистар на 14 и 28 сутки постнатального периода онтогенеза, по 5 крыс в каждой группе на каждую временную точку. Доношенное потомство крыс (продолжительность внутриутробного периода развития – 22 суток) получено в результате естественных родов крыс. Преждевременно рождённое потомство крыс (продолжительность внутриутробного периода развития – 21 сутки) получено в результате индукции преждевременных родов у крыс мифепристоном. Проведено гистологическое, иммуногистохимическое (выявление активированной каспазы 3) и морфометрическое исследование семенников доношенных и преждевременно рождённых крыс.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Микроструктура семенников преждевременно рождённых и доношенных крыс на 14-е и 28-е сутки постнатального периода онтогенеза аналогична. Однако, диаметр извитых семенных канальцев преждевременно рождённых крыс на 14-е сутки постнатального периода онтогенеза ниже показателя доношенных крыс (р=0,000), отличия нивелируются к 28-м суткам. У преждевременно рождённых крыс количество интерстициальных эндокриноцитов семенника с морфологическими признаками функциональной активности на 28-е сутки постнатального периода онтогенеза выше, чем у доношенных животных (р=0,000). Преждевременное рождение приводит к увеличению количества каспаза 3-позитивных сперматогенных клеток на 28-е сутки (р=0,000), а также каспаза 3-позитивных интерстициальных эндокриноцитов семенника на 14-е (р=0,000) и 28-е сутки (р=0,000) постнатального периода онтогенеза.</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>Преждевременное рождение оказывает влияние на строение семенников неполовозрелых крыс. Темпы становления сперматогенеза у преждевременно рождённых животных не изменены, однако в их семенниках наблюдается большее, чем у доношенных животных, количество гибнущих по механизму апоптоза сперматогенных и стероидогенных клеток.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p/></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Preterm birth</kwd><kwd>spermatogenesis</kwd><kwd>Leydig cell</kwd><kwd>experimental animal model.</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Преждевременное рождение</kwd><kwd>сперматогенез</kwd><kwd>интерстициальные эндокриноциты семенника</kwd><kwd>экспериментальная модель.</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>№ 24-25-00015</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1.	Kwinta P, Klimek M, Drozdz D, et al. Assessment of long-term renal complications in extremely low birth weight children. Pediatr Nephrol. 2011;26(7):1095-1103. doi:10.1007/s00467-011-1840-y</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>2.	Lewandowski AJ. The preterm heart: a unique cardiomyopathy?. Pediatr Res. 2019;85(6):738-739. doi:10.1038/s41390-019-0301-3</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>3.	Boardman JP, Hall J, Thrippleton MJ, et al. Impact of preterm birth on brain development and long-term outcome: protocol for a cohort study in Scotland. BMJ Open. 2020;10(3):e035854. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-035854</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>4.	Lundberg B, Merid SK, Um-Bergström P, et al. Lung function in young adulthood in relation to moderate-to-late preterm birth. ERJ Open Res. 2024;10(1):00701-2023. doi:10.1183/23120541.00701-2023</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>5.	Liffner S, Bladh M, Nedstrand E, et al. Men born small for gestational age or with low birth weight do not improve their rate of reproduction over time: a Swedish population-based study. Fertil Steril. 2021;116(3):721-730. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2021.05.078</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>6.	Allvin K, Ankarberg-Lindgren C, Dahlgren J. Longitudinal Sex Steroid Data in Relation to Birth Weight in Preterm Boys. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2022;107(10):e4212-e4221. doi:10.1210/clinem/dgac477</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>7.	Boncompagni A, Pietrella E, Passini E, et al. Minipuberty in Male Full-term Neonates Appropriate and Small for Gestational Age and in Preterm Babies: Data from a Single Centre. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol. 2024;16(1):50-59. doi:10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2023.2023-4-9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>8.	Kuiri-Hänninen T, Seuri R, Tyrväinen E, et al. Increased activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis in infancy results in increased androgen action in premature boys. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(1):98-105. doi:10.1210/jc.2010-1359</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>9.	Serbis A, Kosmeri C, Atzemoglou N, et al. Decoding Mini-Puberty and Its Clinical Significance: A Narrative Review. Endocrines. 2025; 6(2):28. https://doi.org/10.3390/endocrines6020028</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>10.	Renault CH, Aksglaede L, Wøjdemann D, et al. Minipuberty of human infancy - A window of opportunity to evaluate hypogonadism and differences of sex development?. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2020;25(2):84-91. doi:10.6065/apem.2040094.047</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>11.	Ivanova VV, Serebryakova ON, Erokhina AV, et al. Influence of sex and degree of prematurity on the heart structure in the late postnatal period of ontogenesis. Morphology. 2023;161(4):15–22. doi:10.17816/morph.629276 (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>12.	Ojeda SR, Advis JP, Andrews WW. Neuroendocrine control of the onset of puberty in the rat. Fed Proc. 1980;39(7):2365-2371.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>13.	Rohayem J, Alexander EC, Heger S, et al. Mini-Puberty, Physiological and Disordered: Consequences, and Potential for Therapeutic Replacement. Endocr Rev. 2024;45(4):460-492. doi:10.1210/endrev/bnae003</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>14.	Ketelslegers JM, Hetzel WD, Sherins RJ, Catt KJ. Developmental changes in testicular gonadotropin receptors: plasma gonadotropins and plasma testosterone in the rat. Endocrinology. 1978;103(1):212-222. doi:10.1210/endo-103-1-212</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>15.	Murphy CJ, Richburg JH. Implications of Sertoli cell induced germ cell apoptosis to testicular pathology. Spermatogenesis. 2015;4(2):e979110. doi:10.4161/21565562.2014.979110</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>16.	Picut CA, Remick AK. Male Reproductive System. In: Editor(s): Parker GA, Picut CA. Atlas of Histology of the Juvenile Rat. Academic Press; 2016. P: 227-256.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-802682-3.00008-2.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>17.	Whitney KM, Suttie AW. Testis and Epididymis. In: Editor(s): Suttie AW. Boorman's Pathology of the Rat (Second Edition). Academic Press; 2018. P: 563-578. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-391448-4.00028-9.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>18.	Shevlyuk NN, Stadnikov AA. Leydig cells of the testis in vertebrata (ontogenesis, ultrastructure, cytophisiologie, regulatore factors and mechanisms). Orenburg: Izdatel'stvo OrGMA, 2010. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>19.	Hammar M, Larsson E, Bladh M, et al. A long-term follow-up study of men born with very low birth weight and their reproductive hormone profile. Syst Biol Reprod Med. 2018;64(3):207-215. doi:10.1080/19396368.2018.1448901</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>20.	Ariyaratne HB, Chamindrani Mendis-Handagama S. Changes in the testis interstitium of Sprague Dawley rats from birth to sexual maturity. Biol Reprod. 2000;62(3):680-690. doi:10.1095/biolreprod62.3.680</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>21.	Hazra R, Jimenez M, Desai R, et al. Sertoli cell androgen receptor expression regulates temporal fetal and adult Leydig cell differentiation, function, and population size. Endocrinology. 2013;154(9):3410-3422. doi:10.1210/en.2012-2273</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>22.	Li X, Tian L, Oiao X, et al. Citrinin inhibits the function of Leydig cells in male rats in prepuberty. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2023;252:114568. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114568</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>23.	Del Bravo J, Catizone A, Ricci G, Galdieri M. Hepatocyte growth factor-modulated rat Leydig cell functions. J Androl. 2007;28(6):866-874. doi:10.2164/jandrol.107.002865</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>24.	Colón E, Zaman F, Axelson M, et al. Insulin-like growth factor-I is an important antiapoptotic factor for rat leydig cells during postnatal development. Endocrinology. 2007;148(1):128-139. doi:10.1210/en.2006-0835</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>25.	Metallinou C, Staneloudi C, Nikolettos K, Asimakopoulos B. NGF, EPO, and IGF-1 in the Male Reproductive System. J Clin Med. 2024;13(10):2918. doi:10.3390/jcm13102918</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
