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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Morphology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Morphology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Морфология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1026-3543</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2949-2556</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">693144</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/morph.693144</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">OLJIEY</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Study Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Effect of preterm birth on rat testicular development: a morphological study</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Влияние недоношенности на развитие семенников у крыс: морфологическое исследование</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>早产对大鼠睾丸发育的影响：形态学研究</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2530-1112</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9476-3329</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivanova</surname><given-names>Vera V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иванова</surname><given-names>Вера Владимировна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Ivanova</surname><given-names>Vera V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology), Assistant Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, доцент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology), Assistant Professor</p></bio><email>ivvera92@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2924-0724</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3572-7818</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Serebryakova</surname><given-names>Olga N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Серебрякова</surname><given-names>Ольга Николаевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Serebryakova</surname><given-names>Olga N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>oserebryakovan@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5310-6318</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3046-0143</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dolbnya</surname><given-names>Andrey D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Долбня</surname><given-names>Андрей Дмитриевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Dolbnya</surname><given-names>Andrey D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>adolbnya1@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6476-9826</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8212-0215</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pleshko</surname><given-names>Raisa I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Плешко</surname><given-names>Раиса Ивановна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Pleshko</surname><given-names>Raisa I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><email>raisap57@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9764-4392</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4919-2033</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Milto</surname><given-names>Ivan V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мильто</surname><given-names>Иван Васильевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biology), Assistant Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук, доцент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biology), Assistant Professor</p></bio><email>milto_bio@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Siberian State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Cибирский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Siberian State Medical University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Seversk Biophysical Research Center of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Северский биофизический научный центр ФМБА</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Seversk Biophysical Research Center of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><content-language>ru</content-language><pub-date date-type="preprint" publication-format="electronic" iso-8601-date="2026-02-25"><day>25</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic" iso-8601-date="2026-08-07"><day>07</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>164</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>338</fpage><lpage>348</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-10-14"><day>14</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-11-27"><day>27</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></date></history><pub-history><event event-type="received"><event-desc>Received:<date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-10-14"><day>14</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></date></event-desc></event><event event-type="accepted"><event-desc>Accepted:<date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-11-27"><day>27</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></date></event-desc></event><event event-type="pub"><event-desc>Published:<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic" iso-8601-date="2026-08-07"><day>07</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></pub-date></event-desc></event></pub-history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2026,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2029-08-07"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://j-morphology.com/1026-3543/article/view/693144">https://j-morphology.com/1026-3543/article/view/693144</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Newborns experience activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis, known as minipuberty. In preterm boys, sex hormone imbalance has been observed during the neonatal period. However, whether preterm birth affects testicular development has not been adequately studied.</p> <p><bold>AIM: </bold>To morphologically analyze the spermatogenic and steroidogenic compartments of the testes in immature rats born 24 hours preterm.</p> <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>We studied the testes of full-term and preterm Wistar rats (<italic>n</italic> = 10 per group) on postnatal days 14 and 28, with 5 animals at each time point. Full-term offspring (gestation length 22 days) were obtained via natural delivery. Preterm offspring (gestation length 21 days) were obtained by inducing preterm labor with mifepristone. Histological, immunohistochemical (detection of activated caspase-3), and morphometric analyses of the testes of full-term and preterm rats were performed.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>The testicular microstructure of preterm and full-term rats on postnatal days 14 and 28 was similar. However, the diameter of the seminiferous tubules in preterm rats on day 14 was smaller than in full-term rats (<italic>p</italic> = 0.000); these differences resolved by day 28. At day 28, the number of testicular interstitial endocrinocytes showing morphological signs of functional activity was higher in preterm rats than in full-term animals (<italic>p</italic> = 0.000). Preterm birth led to an increase in the number of caspase-3-positive spermatogenic cells on day 28 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.000), as well as in caspase-3-positive interstitial endocrinocytes on days 14 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.000) and 28 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.000).</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Preterm birth affects testicular structure in immature rats. The rate of spermatogenesis in preterm animals was unchanged; however, their testes showed a higher number of spermatogenic and steroidogenic cells undergoing apoptosis compared with full-term animals.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> У новорождённых происходит активация гипоталамо-гипофизарно-тестикулярной оси, известная как минипубертат. У недоношенных мальчиков в период новорождённости отмечен дисбаланс половых гормонов. Однако вопрос о том, влияет ли преждевременное рождение на развитие семенников, изучен недостаточно.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> — провести морфологический анализ сперматогенного и стероидогенного компартментов семенников у неполовозрелых крыс, рождённых на 24 часа раньше срока.</p> <p><bold>Методы. </bold>Объектом исследования служили семенники доношенных (<italic>n</italic> = 10) и недоношенных (<italic>n</italic> = 10) крыс линии Вистар на 14 и 28-е сутки постнатального онтогенеза, по 5 особей в каждой временной точке. Доношенное потомство (продолжительность внутриутробного развития 22 суток) получено в результате естественных родов. Недоношенное потомство (продолжительность внутриутробного развития 21 сутки) получено путём индукции преждевременных родов мифепристоном. Проведено гистологическое, иммуногистохимическое (выявление активированной каспазы-3) и морфометрическое исследования семенников доношенных и недоношенных крыс.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Микроструктура семенников у доношенных и недоношенных крыс на 14 и 28-е сутки постнатального онтогенеза не различается. Однако диаметр извитых семенных канальцев у недоношенных животных на 14-е сутки меньше, чем у доношенных (<italic>р</italic> = 0,000); эти различия нивелируются к 28-м суткам. Во временной точке 28 суток в семенниках недоношенных крыс количество интерстициальных эндокриноцитов с морфологическими признаками функциональной активности выше, чем у доношенных (<italic>р</italic> = 0,000). Недоношенность приводит к увеличению количества каспаза-3-положительных сперматогенных клеток на 28-е сутки (<italic>р</italic> = 0,000), а также каспаза-3-положительных интерстициальных эндокриноцитов на 14-е (<italic>р</italic> = 0,000) и 28-е сутки (<italic>р</italic> = 0,000) постнатального онтогенеза.</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>Недоношенность влияет на строение семенников неполовозрелых крыс. Темпы становления сперматогенеза у недоношенных животных остаются неизмененными, однако в семенниках наблюдается большее, чем у доношенных крыс, количество гибнущих по механизму апоптоза сперматогенных и стероидогенных клеток.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p><bold>论证。</bold>新生儿会经历下丘脑-垂体-睾丸轴的激活，即所谓的“迷你青春期”。早产男婴在新生儿期会出现性激素失衡。然而，早产对睾丸发育的影响仍知之甚少。</p> <p><bold>目的。</bold>本研究旨在对早产24小时的未成熟大鼠睾丸的生精区室和类固醇生成区室进行形态学分析。</p> <p><bold>方法。</bold>本研究选取足月 (n = 10) 和早产 (n = 10) Wistar 大鼠，分别在出生后第14天和第28天进行睾丸观察，每个时间点各取5只大鼠。足月幼鼠（宫内发育22天）为自然分娩。早产幼鼠（宫内发育21天）为米非司酮诱导早产所致。对足月和早产大鼠的睾丸进行了组织学、免疫组织化学（检测活化的 caspase-3）和形态计量学研究。</p> <p><bold>结果。</bold>足月和早产大鼠睾丸的微观结构在出生后第14天和第28天没有差异。然而，早产大鼠在出生后第14天的曲细精管直径小于足月大鼠 (p = 0.000)；到第28天，这种差异消失。在第28天，早产大鼠睾丸中具有功能活性形态学特征的间质内分泌细胞数量高于足月大鼠 (p = 0.000)。早产导致出生后第28天 (p = 0.000) 睾丸中 caspase-3 阳性生精细胞数量增加，以及出生后第14天 (p = 0.000) 和第28天 (p = 0.000) 睾丸间质内分泌细胞中 caspase-3 阳性细胞数量增加。</p> <p><bold>结论。</bold>早产影响未成熟大鼠睾丸的结构。早产动物生精过程形成的速度保持不变；然而，与足月大鼠相比，其睾丸中通过凋亡机制死亡的生精细胞和类固醇生成细胞数量更多。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>preterm birth</kwd><kwd>spermatogenesis</kwd><kwd>Leydig cell</kwd><kwd>experimental model</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>недоношенность</kwd><kwd>сперматогенез</kwd><kwd>интерстициальные эндокриноциты семенника</kwd><kwd>экспериментальная модель</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>早产</kwd><kwd>精子发生</kwd><kwd>睾丸间质内分泌细胞</kwd><kwd>实验模型</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="zh">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>24-25-00015</award-id></award-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (Project No. 24-25-00015)</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при поддержке Российского научного фонда (проект № 24-25-00015)</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="zh">The study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (Project No. 24-25-00015)</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Kwinta P, Klimek M, Drozdz D, et al. 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