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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Morphology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Morphology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Морфология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1026-3543</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2949-2556</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">694243</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/morph.694243</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Study Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The effect of different lighting modes on the ultrastructure of rat pinealocytes</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Влияние различных режимов освещения на ультраструктуру пинеалоцитов крыс</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title/></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0011-1114</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">59151032800</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Anurkina</surname><given-names>Anna I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ануркина</surname><given-names>Анна Игоревна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Researcher of laboratory of Cell Pathology, Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of Federal state budgetary scientific institution "Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery"</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Научный сотрудник лаборатории патологии клетки Научно-исследовательского института морфологии человека имени академика А.П. Авцына ФГБНУ "Российский научный центр хирургии имени академика Б.В. Петровского"</p></bio><email>anyaaai1925@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6251-2560</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">55976515700</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5647-1372</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kozlova</surname><given-names>Maria A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Козлова</surname><given-names>Мария Александровна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Kozlova</surname><given-names>Maria A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology), Senior Researcher of Laboratory of Cell Pathology Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery”</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, старший научный сотрудник лаборатории патологии клетки НИИ морфологии человека им. акад. А.П. Авцына ФГБНУ "РНЦХ им. акад. Б.В. Петровского"</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><email>ma.kozlova2021@outlook.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3253-6729</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">7006092016</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3125-7837</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chernikov</surname><given-names>Valery P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Черников</surname><given-names>Валерий Петрович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Chernikov</surname><given-names>Valery P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Leading Researcher of laboratory of Cell Pathology, Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of Federal state budgetary scientific institution "Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery"</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории патологии клетки Научно-исследовательского института морфологии человека имени академика А.П. Авцына ФГБНУ "Российский научный центр хирургии имени академика Б.В. Петровского"</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><email>1200555@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3006-6281</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">55929152900</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4348-6781</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Areshidze</surname><given-names>David A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Арешидзе</surname><given-names>Давид Александрович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Areshidze</surname><given-names>David A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology), head of laboratory of Cell Pathology, Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of Federal state budgetary scientific institution "Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery"</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, зав. лабораторией патологии клетки НИИ морфологии человека им. ак. А.П. Авцына РНЦХ им. ак. Б.В. Петровского</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><email>labcelpat@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of Federal state budgetary scientific institution "Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery"</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский институт морфологии человека имени академика А.П. Авцына ФГБНУ "Российский научный центр хирургии имени академика Б.В. Петровского"</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный центр хирургии им. акад. Б.В. Петровского</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-04-10" publication-format="electronic"><day>10</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>164</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-10-27"><day>27</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-12-14"><day>14</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; , Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; , Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2029-04-10"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://j-morphology.com/1026-3543/article/view/694243">https://j-morphology.com/1026-3543/article/view/694243</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold>The morphofunctional state of parenchymal cells of the epiphysis is closely related to the conditions of the light regime. It is known that light deprivation leads to an increase in the metabolic activity of cells and ultrastructural changes. At the same time, with dark deprivation, there is a decrease in the number of mitochondria and lipid inclusions, as well as a decrease in pinealocyte activity. Studying the effect of various lighting modes on the ultrastructure of rat pinealocytes allows for a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of adaptation of the pineal gland to environmental changes and regulation of circadian rhythms, and may also be important for developing approaches to correcting biorhythm disorders.<bold>The aim</bold> of the study was to study the ultrastructure of the pineal gland of Wistar rats in conditions of constant illumination and a light regime modulating a shift mode of operation "day / two".</p> <p><bold>Methods. </bold>The study was conducted on 120 Wistar rats (♂, 5 months), divided into 3 equal groups (n=40) with different light modes: 1) Control – fixed lighting mode (LD) (light/dark 10/14); 2) Group I – dark deprivation (LL); 3) group II – lighting mode, simulating a shift mode of operation (1 day – LL, 2 days – LD). Each experiment lasted 21 days, with slaughter of animals on the 22nd day at four time points and epiphysis evisceration. Structural and ultrastructural assessment of pinealocytes, including Micromorphometric analysis was performed on sections of the epiphysis using light and transmission electron microscopy.</p> <p><bold>Results.</bold> Dark deprivation leads to vacuolization of pinealocytes, destructive changes in lipid inclusions, the Golgi complex and EPS, the formation of various sizes of autophagosomes and polymorphism of mitochondria, and other changes, including the presence of necrotic cells and perivascular edema. Changes in the ultrastructure of mitochondria were noted in pinealocytes during alternating lighting conditions.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion.</bold> Dark deprivation causes disintegration of the ultrastructure of pinealocytes: oxidative stress, suppression of transcriptional and metabolic activity, mitochondrial dysfunction and mass cell death. Alternating lighting conditions lead to disturbances in the nuclear and mitochondrial apparatus of pinealocytes.<bold><italic/></bold></p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование. </bold>Морфофункциональное состояние паренхиматозных клеток эпифиза тесно связано с условиями светового режима. Изучение влияния различных режимов освещения на ультраструктуру пинеалоцитов крыс позволяет глубже понять механизмы адаптации эпифиза к изменениям внешней среды и регуляции циркадных ритмов, а также может иметь значение для разработки подходов к коррекции нарушений биоритмов.</p> <p><bold>Цель:</bold> изучить ультраструктуру эпифиза крыс стока Вистар в условиях постоянного освещения и светового режима, модулирующего сменный режим работы «сутки / двое».</p> <p><bold>Методы. </bold>Исследование было проведено на 120 крысах Вистар (♂, 5 мес.), разделённых на 3 равные группы (n=40) с разными световыми режимами: 1) Контроль – фиксированный режим освещения (ФС) (свет/темнота 10/14); 2) I группа – темновая депривация (ТД); 3) II группа – режим освещения, моделирующий сменный режим работы (1 сутки – ТД, 2 суток – ФС). Каждый эксперимент продолжался 21 сутки с забоем животных на 22-е сутки в четырёх временных точках и эвисцерацией эпифиза. Структурную и ультраструктурную оценку пинеалоцитов, в т.ч. микроморфометрический анализ, проводили на срезах эпифиза методами световой и трансмиссионной электронной микроскопии.</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>Темновая депривация приводит к вакуолизации пинеалоцитов, деструктивным изменениям липидных включений, комплекса Гольджи и ЭПС, образованию различных размеров аутофагосом и полиморфности митохондрий и другим изменениям, включая присутствие некротизированных клеток и периваскулярного отёка. При сменном режиме освещения в пинеалоцитах отмечены изменения в ультраструктуре митохондрий.</p> <p><bold>Выводы. </bold>Постоянное освещение вызывает глубокую дезинтеграцию ультраструктуры пинеалоцитов, характеризующуюся оксидативным стрессом, подавлением транскрипционной и метаболической активности, митохондриальной дисфункцией и массовой гибелью клеток. Сменный режим освещения приводит к глубоким нарушениям в ядерном и митохондриальном аппарате пинеалоцитов, что, вероятно, связано с десинхронизацией циркадных ритмов и нарушением регуляции апоптоза. </p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p/></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Pineal gland</kwd><kwd>ultrastructure of pinealocytes</kwd><kwd>dark deprivation</kwd><kwd>changeable lighting mode</kwd><kwd>electron microscopy.</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Эпифиз</kwd><kwd>ультраструктура пинеалоцитов</kwd><kwd>темновая депривация</kwd><kwd>сменный режим освещения</kwd><kwd>электронная микроскопия.</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Государственное задание</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>124021600054-9</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Calvo J, Boya J. 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