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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Morphology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Morphology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Морфология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1026-3543</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2949-2556</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">696829</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/morph.696829</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">VQAZTF</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Научные обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">From regeneration to fibrosis: mucosal healing in hollow organs and the potential of biomedical technologies for stenosis prevention</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>От регенерации к фиброзу: заживление слизистых оболочек полых органов и возможности биомедицинских технологий в профилактике стенозов</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>从再生到纤维化：空腔器官黏膜的愈合及生物医学技术在狭窄预防中的潜力</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4946-7843</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3611-7954</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Alexandrushkina</surname><given-names>Natalya A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Александрушкина</surname><given-names>Наталья Андреевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Alexandrushkina</surname><given-names>Natalya A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><email>alexandrushkinana@my.msu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4858-0337</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4595-5373</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Glazieva</surname><given-names>Valentina S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Глазьева</surname><given-names>Валентина Сергеевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Glazieva</surname><given-names>Valentina S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>glazievavs@my.msu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0822-8322</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3688-9101</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vodopetova</surname><given-names>Maria A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Водопетова</surname><given-names>Мария Алексеевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Vodopetova</surname><given-names>Maria A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>vodopetova.maria@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0426-2908</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1723-4560</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shershneva</surname><given-names>Angelina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шершнева</surname><given-names>Ангелина Вячеславовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Shershneva</surname><given-names>Angelina V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>angelsher@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0461-4820</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8508-4176</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kargalinina</surname><given-names>Kseniia G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Каргалинина</surname><given-names>Ксения Геннадьевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Kargalinina</surname><given-names>Kseniia G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>kseniiakargalinina@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1387-209X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7714-9343</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Akhaladze</surname><given-names>Dmitry G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ахаладзе</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Гурамович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Akhaladze</surname><given-names>Dmitry G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><email>dgakhaladze@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8869-5190</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7259-9180</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Makarevich</surname><given-names>Pavel I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Макаревич</surname><given-names>Павел Игоревич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Makarevich</surname><given-names>Pavel I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><email>makarevichpi@my.msu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный университет им. М.В. Ломоносова</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center for Children's Hematology, Oncology and Immunology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр детской гематологии, онкологии и иммунологии им. Д. Рогачева</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center for Children's Hematology, Oncology and Immunology</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">The Russian National Research Medical University named after N.I. Pirogov</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">The Russian National Research Medical University named after N.I. Pirogov</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-03-13" publication-format="electronic"><day>13</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-08-07" publication-format="electronic"><day>07</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>164</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>277</fpage><lpage>293</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-11-23"><day>23</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-12-05"><day>05</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2026,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2029-08-07"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://j-morphology.com/1026-3543/article/view/696829">https://j-morphology.com/1026-3543/article/view/696829</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Injuries to the mucosal lining of hollow organs (the esophagus, intestine, biliary tract, urethra, and respiratory and reproductive tracts) represent a serious clinical challenge, as they often lead to cicatricial stenosis and irreversible loss of organ function. Despite considerable progress in understanding the fundamental mechanisms of inflammation and tissue repair, the development of effective clinical strategies to prevent mucosal fibrosis remains an urgent and unresolved problem in modern medicine.</p> <p>This review systematizes current knowledge on the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying reparative regeneration and its pathological outcome — fibrosis. It provides a critical analysis of both existing treatments for stenosis and promising experimental approaches, with particular attention to cell-based and tissue engineering technologies. It examines in detail the key microenvironmental factors that determine the balance between physiological restoration of tissue architecture and pathological scarring. It separately addresses the major obstacles to the clinical translation of biomedical developments, including the problem of data reproducibility in human pathology and the difficulties in controlling the behavior of cellular products <italic>in vivo</italic>. The conclusion outlines promising directions for future research, particularly the development of combined and molecularly targeted therapeutic strategies.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Повреждения слизистых оболочек полых органов (пищевода, кишечника, желчных протоков, мочеиспускательного канала, а также дыхательных и репродуктивных путей) являются серьёзной медицинской проблемой, поскольку часто приводят к формированию рубцовых стенозов и необратимой утрате функции органа. Несмотря на значительные успехи в изучении фундаментальных механизмов воспаления и репарации тканей, разработка эффективных клинических методов профилактики фиброза слизистых оболочек остаётся актуальной и нерешённой задачей современной медицины.</p> <p>В настоящем обзоре систематизированы современные представления о молекулярных и клеточных механизмах, лежащих в основе репаративной регенерации и её патологического исхода — фиброза. Проведён критический анализ как существующих методов лечения стенозов, так и перспективных экспериментальных подходов, среди которых особое внимание уделено клеточным и тканеинженерным технологиям. Подробно рассмотрены ключевые факторы микроокружения, определяющие баланс между физиологическим восстановлением тканевой архитектоники и патологическим рубцеванием. Отдельно освещены основные препятствия для клинической трансляции биомедицинских разработок, включая проблему воспроизводимости данных в исследованиях на человеке и сложности контроля динамики клеточных продуктов <italic>in vivo</italic>. В заключении определены перспективные направления дальнейших исследований, в частности разработка комбинированных и молекулярно-таргетных терапевтических стратегий.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>空腔器官（食管、肠道、胆管、尿道以及呼吸道和生殖道）黏膜损伤是一个严重的医学问题，因为它常常导致瘢痕性狭窄的形成和器官功能的不可逆丧失。尽管在炎症和组织修复的基本机制研究方面取得了显著进展，但开发有效的临床方法来预防黏膜纤维化仍然是现代医学中一项重要且尚未解决的任务。</p> <p>本综述系统阐述了目前对修复性再生及其病理结果 — — 纤维化的分子和细胞机制的理解。文章对现有的狭窄治疗方法和有前景的实验方法进行了批判性分析，并特别关注了细胞和组织工程技术。文章详细探讨了决定组织结构生理性恢复与病理性瘢痕形成之间平衡的关键微环境因素。文章重点指出了生物医学研究成果临床转化面临的主要障碍，包括人体研究中数据的可重复性问题以及体内细胞产物动态监测的复杂性。最后，文章指出了未来研究的重点方向，特别是联合治疗和分子靶向治疗策略的开发。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>mucosal membranes</kwd><kwd>fibrosis</kwd><kwd>stenosis</kwd><kwd>regeneration</kwd><kwd>wound healing</kwd><kwd>tissue engineering</kwd><kwd>mesenchymal stromal cells</kwd><kwd>extracellular matrix</kwd><kwd>regenerative medicine</kwd><kwd>review</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>слизистые оболочки</kwd><kwd>фиброз</kwd><kwd>стеноз</kwd><kwd>регенерация</kwd><kwd>заживление</kwd><kwd>тканевая инженерия</kwd><kwd>мезенхимные стромальные клетки</kwd><kwd>внеклеточный матрикс</kwd><kwd>регенеративная медицина</kwd><kwd>обзор</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>黏膜</kwd><kwd>纤维化</kwd><kwd>狭窄</kwd><kwd>再生</kwd><kwd>愈合</kwd><kwd>组织工程</kwd><kwd>间充质干细胞</kwd><kwd>细胞外基质</kwd><kwd>再生医学</kwd><kwd>综述</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="zh">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>25-25-00096</award-id></award-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation Grant No. 25-25-00096</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено за счёт гранта Российского научного фонда № 25-25-00096</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="zh">The study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation Grant No. 25-25-00096</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Wynn TA, Ramalingam TR. 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