MorphologyMorphologyМорфология1026-35432949-2556Eco-Vector69682910.17816/morph.696829ReviewsНаучные обзорыFrom regeneration to fibrosis: mucosal healing in hollow organs and the potential of biomedical technologies for stenosis preventionОт регенерации к фиброзу: заживление слизистых оболочек полых органов и возможности биомедицинских технологий в профилактике стенозовhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-4946-78433611-7954AlexandrushkinaNatalya A.АлександрушкинаНаталья Андреевна
Russian Federation

к.б.н., н.с. лаборатории медицинской биоинженерии Центра регенеративной медицины МНОИ МГУ имени М.В. Ломоносова

alexandrushkinana@my.msu.ruhttps://orcid.org/0009-0001-4858-03374595-5373GlazievaValentina S.ГлазьеваВалентина Сергеевна
Russian Federation

лаборант-исследователь лаборатории медицинской биоинженерии

glazievavs@my.msu.ruhttps://orcid.org/0009-0004-0822-83223688-9101VodopetovaMaria A.ВодопетоваМария Алексеевна

лаборант МНОИ МГУ имени М.В. Ломоносова

vodopetova.maria@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0426-29081723-4560ShershnevaAngelina V.ШершневаАнгелина Вячеславовна

аспирант, НМИЦ ДГОИ им. Д. Рогачева

alexandrushkinana@my.msu.ruhttps://orcid.org/0009-0009-0461-48208508-4176KargalininaKseniia G.КаргалининаКсения Геннадьевна

студент факультета "Лечебное дело"

kseniiakargalinina@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1387-209X7714-9343AkhaladzeDmitry G.АхаладзеДмитрий Гурамович

д.м.н., врач-детский хирург, онколог, директор института хирургии и онкологии ФГБУ «НМИЦ ДГОИ им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава России

dgakhaladze@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8869-51907259-9180MakarevichPavel I.МакаревичПавел Игоревич

д.м.н., зав. лабораторией медицинской биоинженерии Центра регенеративной медицины МНОИ МГУ имени М.В. Ломоносова

makarevichpi@my.msu.ruCentre for Regenerative Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia1Центр Регенеративной медицины МНОИ МГУ имени М.В. Ломоносова, 119192 Москва, Россия1Центр Регенеративной медицины МНОИ МГУ имени М.В. Ломоносова, 119192 Москва, РоссияЦентр Регенеративной медицины МНОИ МГУ имени М.В. Ломоносова, 119192 Москва, РоссияНациональный медицинский исследовательский центр детской гематологии, онкологии и иммунологии им. Дмитрия Рогачева, Москва, РоссияРоссийский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет имени Н. И. Пирогова, Москва, Россия1303202616432311202505122025Copyright ©; , Eco-VectorCopyright ©; , Эко-ВекторEco-VectorЭко-Векторhttps://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07https://j-morphology.com/1026-3543/article/view/696829

Injuries to the mucosal lining of hollow organs (such as the esophagus, intestine, biliary tract, urethra, and respiratory and reproductive tracts) represent a significant clinical challenge, as they often lead to cicatricle stenosis and irreversible organ dysfunction. Despite considerable progress in understanding the fundamental mechanisms of inflammation and tissue repair, the development of effective clinical strategies to prevent mucosal fibrosis remains an urgent and unresolved problem in modern medicine. This review systematizes current knowledge on the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying regeneration and fibrosis. It provides a critical analysis of both existing and promising experimental approaches for treating stenosis, with particular emphasis on tissue engineering and cell-based technologies. Key microenvironmental factors that determine the balance between complete regeneration and pathological scarring are examined in detail. Major obstacles to the clinical translation of biomedical developments are separately addressed, including the challenge of data reproducibility in human pathology and the difficulties in controlling the behavior of cellular products in vivo. The conclusion outlines promising directions for future research, particularly the development of combined and molecularly-targeted therapeutic strategies.

Повреждения слизистых оболочек полых органов (пищевода, кишечника, желчных протоков, мочеиспускательного канала, а также дыхательных и репродуктивных путей) являются серьезной медицинской проблемой, поскольку часто приводят к формированию рубцовых стенозов и необратимой утрате функции органа. Несмотря на значительные успехи в изучении фундаментальных механизмов воспаления и репарации тканей, разработка эффективных клинических методов профилактики фиброза слизистых оболочек остается актуальной и нерешенной задачей современной медицины.

В настоящем обзоре систематизированы современные представления о клеточных и молекулярных механизмах, лежащих в основе процессов регенерации и фиброза. Проведен критический анализ как существующих, так и перспективных экспериментальных подходов к лечению стенозов, среди которых особое внимание уделено тканеинженерным и клеточным технологиям. Подробно рассмотрены ключевые факторы микроокружения, определяющие баланс между полноценной регенерацией и патологическим рубцеванием. Отдельно освещены основные препятствия для клинической трансляции биомедицинских разработок, включая проблему воспроизводимости данных на человеческой патологии и сложности контроля поведения клеточных продуктов in vivo. В заключении определены перспективные направления для дальнейших исследований, в частности, разработка комбинированных и молекулярно-таргетных терапевтических стратегий.

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