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<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.2 20190208//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.2/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Morphology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Morphology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Морфология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1026-3543</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2949-2556</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">696970</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/morph.696970</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">PSQFUO</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Study Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Mechanisms of orbital adipose tissue-derived stromal cell subpopulations differing in CD90 expression in the development of graves ophthalmopathy</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Механизмы участия субпопуляций стромальных клеток жировой ткани орбиты с различной экспрессией CD90 в развитии эндокринной офтальмопатии</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>不同CD90表达水平的眼眶脂肪组织基质细胞亚群参与内分泌性眼病发展的机制</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2597-8879</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2448-4671</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Basalova</surname><given-names>Natalia A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Басалова</surname><given-names>Наталия Андреевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Basalova</surname><given-names>Natalia A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><email>basalovana@my.msu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6616-656X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6274-5824</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Panteleeva</surname><given-names>Olga G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пантелеева</surname><given-names>Ольга Геннадьевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Panteleeva</surname><given-names>Olga G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><email>olgpanteleeva@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2103-8158</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7084-3521</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vigovsky</surname><given-names>Maksim A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Виговский</surname><given-names>Максим Александрович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Vigovsky</surname><given-names>Maksim A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>vigovskiy_m.a@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5850-8460</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1510-7130</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Grinchevskaya</surname><given-names>Lidia R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гринчевская</surname><given-names>Лидия Равилевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Grinchevskaya</surname><given-names>Lidia R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>lidia.khaerdinova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9475-3545</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6476-4740</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tsygankov</surname><given-names>Alexander Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Цыганков</surname><given-names>Александр Юрьевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Tsygankov</surname><given-names>Alexander Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><email>alextsygankov1986@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8362-2902</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6592-9889</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tolstoluzhinskaya</surname><given-names>Anastasia E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Толстолужинская</surname><given-names>Анастасия Евгеньевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Tolstoluzhinskaya</surname><given-names>Anastasia E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>tolstoluzhinskayaae@my.msu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8591-428X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4783-9193</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Saakyan</surname><given-names>Svetlana V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Саакян</surname><given-names>Светлана Ваговна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Saakyan</surname><given-names>Svetlana V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><email>svsaakyan@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0696-1369</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5110-5998</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Efimenko</surname><given-names>Anastasia Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ефименко</surname><given-names>Анастасия Юрьевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Efimenko</surname><given-names>Anastasia Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><email>efimenkoay@my.msu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный университет им. М.В. Ломоносова</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Medical Research Center for Eye Diseases named after Helmholtz</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр глазных болезней им. Гельмгольца</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">National Medical Research Center for Eye Diseases named after Helmholtz</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><content-language>ru</content-language><pub-date date-type="preprint" publication-format="electronic" iso-8601-date="2026-05-08"><day>08</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic" iso-8601-date="2026-08-07"><day>07</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>164</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>363</fpage><lpage>379</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-11-25"><day>25</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-12-10"><day>10</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date></history><pub-history><event event-type="received"><event-desc>Received:<date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-11-25"><day>25</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></date></event-desc></event><event event-type="accepted"><event-desc>Accepted:<date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-12-10"><day>10</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date></event-desc></event><event event-type="pub"><event-desc>Published:<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic" iso-8601-date="2026-08-07"><day>07</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></pub-date></event-desc></event></pub-history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2026,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2029-08-07"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://j-morphology.com/1026-3543/article/view/696970">https://j-morphology.com/1026-3543/article/view/696970</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Graves ophthalmopathy (GO) is characterized by pathological expansion of the retrobulbar adipose tissue and fibrosis, which are based on the dysregulation of stromal cell differentiation. A key aspect of the pathogenesis is the competition between adipogenic and myofibroblastic differentiation. It was previously suggested that these pathways are associated with distinct stromal cell subpopulations expressing (CD90<sup>+</sup>) or not expressing (CD90<sup>–</sup>) the membrane protein CD90 (Thy-1). It was hypothesized that the secretome of CD90<sup>+</sup> cells could inhibit adipogenesis in CD90<sup>–</sup> cells, but the specific mechanisms of this interaction, including the potential role of extracellular vesicles (EVs), remained unclear.</p> <p><bold>AIM:</bold> To clarify the mechanisms of paracrine interaction between CD90<sup>+</sup> and CD90<sup>–</sup> stromal cell subpopulations isolated from the retrobulbar adipose tissue of patients with different forms of GO.</p> <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Stromal cells were isolated from the orbital adipose tissue of patients with GO (lipogenic, myogenic, and mixed forms) and a control group (<italic>n</italic> = 12 cell lines). Cells were separated into CD90<sup>+</sup> and CD90<sup>–</sup> subpopulations using fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Directed differentiation into myofibroblasts (using TGF-β) and adipocytes (using a commercial adipogenic cocktail) was performed. Differentiation was assessed using immunocytochemistry (markers: αSMA, vimentin, collagens, and Nile Red for lipids) and western blotting (αSMA and FAPα). To study paracrine effects, conditioned medium (CM) from CD90<sup>+</sup> cells was used, along with fractions enriched for extracellular vesicles (EVs) and soluble factors (SFs).</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Orbital stromal cells were successfully separated into CD90<sup>+</sup> and CD90<sup>– </sup>subpopulations; the number of CD90<sup>–</sup> cells was significantly higher in patients with the lipogenic form of GO. Both subpopulations were capable of differentiating into both myofibroblasts (under the influence of TGF-β) and adipocytes. However, CD90<sup>–</sup> cells demonstrated significantly higher adipogenic potential, accumulating twice as many lipid droplets. Contrary to the initial hypothesis, the secretome of CD90<sup>+</sup> cells (whole CM, EVs, or SFs) did not inhibit the adipogenic differentiation of CD90<sup>–</sup> cells. Conversely, the secretome of CD90<sup>+</sup> cells, including its vesicular and extravesicular fractions, significantly stimulated adipogenic differentiation within the CD90<sup>+</sup> subpopulation itself.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> This study demonstrates that the CD90<sup>–</sup> subpopulation of orbital stromal cells has a higher adipogenic potential, which may be associated with the lipogenic form of GO. Paracrine interaction between the subpopulations is complex: the secretome of CD90<sup>+</sup> cells does not suppress adipogenesis in CD90<sup>–</sup> cells but instead stimulates differentiation into adipocytes within CD90<sup>+</sup> subpopulation. These findings are important for understanding the mechanisms that regulate the balance between fibrosis and adipogenesis in GO and highlight the need for further study of the secretory function of stromal cells to develop new therapeutic strategies.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> Эндокринная офтальмопатия (ЭОП) характеризуется патологическим увеличением объёма ретробульбарной жировой ткани и фиброзом, что обусловлено нарушением дифференцировки стромальных клеток. Ключевым аспектом патогенеза ЭОП является конкуренция между адипогенной и миофибробластной дифференцировкой. Ранее было высказано предположение, что эти два пути реализуются разными субпопуляциями стромальных клеток, экспрессирующими и не экспрессирующими мембранный белок CD90 (Thy-1). Предполагалось, что секретом CD90<sup>+</sup> клеток ингибирует адипогенез в CD90<sup>−</sup> субпопуляции, однако механизмы этого взаимодействия, включая потенциальную роль внеклеточных везикул, остаются невыясненными.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> — уточнить механизмы паракринного взаимодействия между субпопуляциями CD90<sup>+</sup> и CD90<sup>−</sup> стромальных клеток, выделенных из ретробульбарной жировой ткани пациентов с различными формами эндокринной офтальмопатии.</p> <p><bold>Методы. </bold>Из жировой ткани орбиты пациентов с ЭОП (липогенной, миогенной или смешанной формой) и контрольной группы были выделены стромальные клетки (<italic>n</italic> = 12 линий). Методом проточного сортинга клетки разделили на CD90<sup>+</sup> и CD90<sup>−</sup> субпопуляции. Далее провели направленную дифференцировку в миофибробласты (с использованием трансформирующего фактора роста бета) и адипоциты (с использованием коммерческого адипогенного коктейля). Оценку дифференцировки проводили с помощью: иммуноцитохимического окрашивания на α-гладкомышечный актин, виментин, коллагены; окрашивания липидов нильским красным; вестерн-блоттинга (α-гладкомышечный актин и белок активации фибробластов альфа). Для изучения паракринных эффектов использовали кондиционированную среду CD90<sup>+</sup> клеток, а также её фракции, обогащённые внеклеточными везикулами и растворимыми факторам.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> При разделении стромальных клеток жировой ткани орбиты на субпопуляции CD90<sup>+</sup> и CD90<sup>−</sup> выявлено, что количество CD90<sup>−</sup> клеток статистически значимо выше у пациентов с липогенной формой ЭОП. Обе субпопуляции обладали способностью к дифференцировке как в миофибробласты, так и в адипоциты. Однако CD90<sup>−</sup> клетки продемонстрировали значительно более высокий адипогенный потенциал, в них накапливалось в 2 раза больше липидных капель, чем в CD90<sup>+</sup>. Вопреки первоначальной гипотезе, секретом CD90<sup>+</sup> клеток (полная кондиционированная среда, внеклеточные везикулы или растворимые факторы) не ингибировал адипогенную дифференцировку CD90<sup>−</sup> клеток. При этом секретом CD90<sup>+</sup> клеток, включая его везикулярную и вневезикулярную фракции, значимо стимулировал адипогенную дифференцировку в самой CD90<sup>+</sup> субпопуляции.</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>Проведённое исследование демонстрирует, что CD90<sup>−</sup> субпопуляция стромальных клеток орбиты обладает более высоким адипогенным потенциалом, что может быть связано с липогенной формой ЭОП. Установлено, что паракринное взаимодействие между субпопуляциями имеет сложный характер: секретом CD90<sup>+</sup> клеток не подавляет адипогенез в CD90<sup>−</sup> клетках, но стимулирует дифференцировку в адипоциты клеток собственной субпопуляции. Эти данные важны для понимания механизмов, регулирующих баланс между фиброзом и адипогенезом при ЭОП, а также указывают на необходимость дальнейшего изучения секреторной функции стромальных клеток для разработки новых терапевтических стратегий.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p><bold>论证。</bold>内分泌性眼病的特征是球后脂肪组织体积病理性增生和纤维化，这是由基质细胞分化受损引起的。该病发病机制的关键在于脂肪生成分化和肌成纤维细胞分化之间的竞争。先前的研究表明，这两种分化途径是由不同的基质细胞亚群实现的，这些亚群表达或不表达膜蛋白CD90（Thy-1）。曾有假设认为，CD90<sup>+</sup>细胞的分泌物能够抑制CD90<sup>−</sup>亚群的脂肪生成，但这种相互作用的机制，包括细胞外囊泡的潜在作用，仍不清楚。</p> <p><bold>目的。</bold>本研究旨在阐明从患有不同类型内分泌性眼病患者的球后脂肪组织中分离出的CD90<sup>+</sup>和CD90<sup>−</sup>基质细胞亚群之间的旁分泌相互作用机制。</p> <p><bold>方法。</bold>从内分泌性眼病患者（脂肪生成型、肌生成型或混合型）和对照组的眼眶脂肪组织中分离出基质细胞（n = 12株）。采用流式细胞分选法将细胞分为CD90<sup>+</sup>和CD90<sup>−</sup>亚群。然后，分别使用转化生长因子β诱导其分化为肌成纤维细胞，使用商业化的脂肪生成诱导剂诱导其分化为脂肪细胞。采用以下方法评估分化情况：α-平滑肌肌动蛋白、波形蛋白和胶原蛋白的免疫细胞化学染色；脂质的尼罗红染色；以及蛋白质印迹法（α-平滑肌肌动蛋白和成纤维细胞激活蛋白α）。为了研究旁分泌效应，使用了CD90<sup>+</sup>细胞的条件培养基及其富含细胞外囊泡和可溶性因子的组分。</p> <p><bold>结果。</bold>将眼眶脂肪组织基质细胞分为CD90+和CD90<sup>−</sup>亚群后，我们发现，在脂肪生成型内分泌性眼病患者中，CD90<sup>−</sup>细胞的数量在统计学上显著高于CD90+细胞。两个亚群均具有分化为肌成纤维细胞和脂肪细胞的能力。然而，CD90<sup>−</sup>细胞的脂肪生成潜能显著高于CD90<sup>+</sup>细胞，其积累的脂滴数量是CD90<sup>+</sup>细胞的两倍。与最初的假设相反，CD90<sup>+</sup>细胞的分泌物（完全条件培养基、细胞外囊泡或可溶性因子）并未抑制CD90<sup>−</sup>细胞的脂肪生成分化。同时，CD90+细胞的分泌物，包括其囊泡和囊泡外组分，显著促进了CD90+亚群自身的脂肪生成分化。</p> <p><bold>结论。</bold>该研究表明，眼眶基质细胞的CD90<sup>−</sup>亚群具有更高的脂肪生成潜能，这可能与内分泌性眼病的脂肪生成型相关。研究发现，这些亚群间的旁分泌相互作用十分复杂：CD90<sup>+</sup>细胞的分泌物并不抑制CD90<sup>−</sup>细胞的脂肪生成，反而会刺激后者所在亚群细胞分化为脂肪细胞。这些数据对于理解内分泌性眼病中纤维化和脂肪生成平衡的调控机制至关重要，同时也提示需要进一步研究基质细胞的分泌功能，以开发新的治疗策略。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>stromal cells</kwd><kwd>CD90 (Thy1)</kwd><kwd>Graves ophthalmopathy</kwd><kwd>differentiation</kwd><kwd>myofibroblasts</kwd><kwd>adipogenesis</kwd><kwd>fibrosis</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>стромальные клетки</kwd><kwd>CD90 (Thy1)</kwd><kwd>офтальмопатия Грэйвса</kwd><kwd>дифференцировка</kwd><kwd>миофибробласты</kwd><kwd>адипогенез</kwd><kwd>фиброз</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>基质细胞</kwd><kwd>CD90 (Thy1)</kwd><kwd>格雷夫斯眼病</kwd><kwd>分化</kwd><kwd>肌成纤维细胞</kwd><kwd>脂肪生成</kwd><kwd>纤维化</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="zh">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>23-15-00198</award-id></award-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation Grant No. 23-15-00198</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено за счёт гранта Российского научного фонда № 23-15-00198</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="zh">The study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation Grant No. 23-15-00198</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Ferguson HE, Kulkarni A, Lehmann GM, et al. 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