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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Morphology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Morphology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Морфология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1026-3543</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2949-2556</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">696970</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/morph.696970</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Study Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Unknown</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Mechanisms of contribution of orbital adipose tissue-derived stromal cell subpopulations differed in CD90 expression in the development of endocrine ophthalmopathy</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Механизмы участия субпопуляций стромальных клеток жировой ткани глазницы, различающихся по экспрессии CD90, в развитии эндокринной офтальмопатии</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title/></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2597-8879</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2448-4671</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Basalova</surname><given-names>Basalova A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Басалова</surname><given-names>Наталия Андреевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD</p>
<p>Junior Research Fellow of the Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Research and Education Institution</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат биологических наук</p>
<p>Младший научный сотрудник лаборатории репарации и регенерации тканей Центра регенеративной медицины Медицинского научно-образовательного института</p></bio><email>basalovana@my.msu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6616-656X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6274-5824</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Panteleeva</surname><given-names>Olga G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пантелеева</surname><given-names>Ольга Геннадьевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p> MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine)</p>
<p>Leading Research Fellow, Ophthalmologist, Ophthalmic Oncology and Radiology Department</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор медицинских наук</p>
<p>Ведущий научный сотрудник, врач-офтальмолог, отдел офтальмоонкологии и радиологии</p>
<p> </p></bio><email>olgpanteleeva@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2103-8158</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7084-3521</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vigovsky</surname><given-names>Maksim A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Виговский</surname><given-names>Максим Александрович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Laboratory research assistant of the Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Research and Education Institution</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лаборант-исследователь лаборатории репарации и регенерации тканей Центра регенеративной медицины Медицинского научно-образовательного института</p></bio><email>vigovskiyma@my.msu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Grinchevskaya (Khaerdinova)</surname><given-names>Lidia R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гринчевская</surname><given-names>Лидия Равилевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>lidia.khaerdinova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9475-3545</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6476-4740</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tsygankov</surname><given-names>Alexander Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Цыганков</surname><given-names>Александр Юрьевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD</p>
<p>Research Fellow, Ophthalmologist, Medical Geneticist, Ophthalmic Oncology and Radiology Department</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат медицинских наук</p>
<p>Научный сотрудник, врач-офтальмолог, врач – медицинский генетик, отдел офтальмоонкологии и радиологии</p></bio><email>alextsygankov1986@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8362-2902</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6592-9889</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tolstoluzhinskaya</surname><given-names>Anastasia Ye.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Толстолужинская</surname><given-names>Анастасия Евгеньевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Laboratory research assistant of the Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Research and Education Institution</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лаборант-исследователь лаборатории репарации и регенерации тканей Центра регенеративной медицины Медицинского научно-образовательного института</p></bio><email>tolstoluzhinskayaae@my.msu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8591-428X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4783-9193</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Saakyan</surname><given-names>Svetlana V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Саакян</surname><given-names>Светлана Ваговна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p> MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p>
<p>Head of Department, Ophthalmic Oncology and Radiology Department</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор медицинских наук, профессор</p>
<p>Руководитель отдела офтальмоонкологии и радиологии</p>
<p> </p></bio><email>svsaakyan@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0696-1369</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5110-5998</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Efimenko</surname><given-names>Anastasia Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ефименко</surname><given-names>Анастасия Юрьевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine)</p>
<p>Head of the Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Research and Education Institution</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор медицинских наук, доцент</p>
<p>Заведующая лабораторией репарации и регенерации тканей Центр регенеративной медицины Медицинского научно-образовательного института</p>
<p> </p></bio><email>efimenkoay@my.msu.ru</email><uri>https://istina.msu.ru/profile/efimenkoan/</uri><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр глазных болезней имени Гельмгольца Минздрава России</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff id="aff3"><institution></institution></aff><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-05-08" publication-format="electronic"><day>08</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>164</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-11-25"><day>25</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-12-10"><day>10</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; , Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; , Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; ,</copyright-statement><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2029-05-08"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://j-morphology.com/1026-3543/article/view/696970">https://j-morphology.com/1026-3543/article/view/696970</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold><italic>BACKGROUND: </italic></bold>Graves' orbitopathy (GO) is characterized by pathological expansion of the retrobulbar adipose tissue and fibrosis, which are based on the dysregulation of stromal cell differentiation. A key aspect of the pathogenesis is the competition between adipogenic and myofibroblastic differentiation. It was previously suggested that these pathways are associated with distinct stromal cell subpopulations expressing (CD90+) or not expressing (CD90-) the membrane protein CD90 (Thy-1).</p> <p><bold><italic>AIM:</italic></bold><italic> </italic>To clarify the mechanisms of paracrine interaction between CD90+ and CD90- stromal cell subpopulations isolated from the retrobulbar adipose tissue of patients with different forms of EO.</p> <p><bold><italic>METHODS:</italic></bold><italic> </italic>Stromal cells were isolated from the orbital adipose tissue of patients with GO (lipogenic, myogenic, mixed forms) and a control group (n=12 cell lines). Cells were separated into CD90+ and CD90- subpopulations using FACS sorting. Directed differentiation into myofibroblasts (using TGF-β) and adipocytes (using a commercial adipogenic cocktail) was performed. Differentiation was assessed using immunocytochemistry (markers: αSMA, vimentin, collagens, Nile Red for lipids) and western blotting (αSMA, FAPα). To study paracrine effects, conditioned medium (CM) from CD90+ cells, as well as fractions enriched with extracellular vesicles (EVs) and soluble factors (SF), were used.</p> <p><bold><italic>RESULTS:</italic></bold><italic> </italic>Orbital stromal cells were successfully separated into CD90+ and CD90- subpopulations; the number of CD90- cells was significantly higher in patients with the lipogenic form of EO. Both subpopulations possessed the ability to differentiate into both myofibroblasts (under the influence of TGF-β) and adipocytes. However, CD90- cells demonstrated a significantly higher adipogenic potential, accumulating twice as many lipid droplets. Contrary to the initial hypothesis, the secretome of CD90+ cells (full CM, EVs, or SF) did not inhibit the adipogenic differentiation of CD90- cells. Conversely, the secretome of CD90+ cells significantly stimulated adipogenic differentiation within the CD90+ subpopulation itself.</p> <p><bold><italic>CONCLUSION: </italic></bold>This study demonstrates that the CD90- subpopulation of orbital stromal cells has a higher adipogenic potential, which may be associated with the lipogenic form of GO. It was established that the paracrine interaction between the subpopulations is complex. These findings are important for understanding the mechanisms that regulate the balance between fibrosis and adipogenesis in GO.</p> <p><italic> </italic></p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование. </bold>Эндокринная офтальмопатия (ЭОП) характеризуется патологическим разрастанием ретробульбарной жировой ткани и фиброзом, в основе которых лежит нарушение дифференцировки стромальных клеток. Ключевым аспектом патогенеза является конкуренция между адипогенной и миофибробластной дифференцировкой. Ранее было высказано предположение, что эти пути связаны с различными субпопуляциями стромальных клеток, экспрессирующими (CD90+) или не экспрессирующими (CD90-) мембранный белок CD90. </p> <p><bold>Цель исследования. </bold>Уточнение механизмов паракринного взаимодействия между субпопуляциями CD90+ и CD90- стромальных клеток, выделенных из ретробульбарной жировой ткани пациентов с различными формами ЭОП.</p> <p><bold>Методы. </bold>Из орбитальной жировой ткани пациентов ЭОП (липогенная, миогенная, смешанная формы) и контрольной группы были выделены стромальные клетки (n=12 линий). Методом проточного сортинга клетки разделяли на CD90+ и CD90- субпопуляции. Проводили направленную дифференцировку в миофибробласты (с использованием TGF-β) и адипоциты (с использованием коммерческого адипогенного коктейля). Оценку дифференцировки проводили с помощью иммуноцитохимии (маркеры αSMA, виментин, коллагены, Nile Red для липидов) и вестерн-блоттинга (αSMA, FAPα). Для изучения паракринных эффектов использовали кондиционированную среду (КС) от CD90+ клеток, а также фракции КС, обогащенные внеклеточными везикулами (ВВ) и растворимыми факторами (РФ).</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>Стромальные клетки орбиты были разделены на CD90+ и CD90- субпопуляции, причем количество CD90- клеток было достоверно выше у пациентов с липогенной формой ЭОП. Обе субпопуляции обладали способностью к дифференцировке как в миофибробласты, так и в адипоциты. Однако CD90- клетки демонстрировали значительно более высокий адипогенный потенциал, накапливая в 2 раза больше липидных капель. Вопреки первоначальной гипотезе, секретом CD90+ клеток (полная КС, ВВ или РФ) не ингибировал адипогенную дифференцировку CD90- клеток. Напротив, секретом CD90+ клеток значимо стимулировал адипогенную дифференцировку в самой CD90+ субпопуляции.</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>CD90- субпопуляция стромальных клеток орбиты обладает более высоким адипогенным потенциалом, что может быть связано с липогенной формой ЭОП. Паракринное взаимодействие между субпопуляциями имеет сложный характер. Эти данные важны для понимания механизмов, регулирующих баланс между фиброзом и адипогенезом при ЭОП, и учета секреторной функции стромальных клеток.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p/></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Stromal	cells</kwd><kwd>CD90	(Thy1)</kwd><kwd>Graves'	ophthalmopathy/orbitopathy, differentiation</kwd><kwd>myofibroblasts</kwd><kwd>adipogenesis</kwd><kwd>fibrosis</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Стромальные клетки</kwd><kwd>CD90 (Thy1)</kwd><kwd>офтальмопатия Грэйвса</kwd><kwd>дифференцировка</kwd><kwd>миофибробласты</kwd><kwd>адипогенез</kwd><kwd>фиброз</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>№ 23-15-00198</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>[1]	Ferguson HE, Kulkarni A, Lehmann GM, et al. 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