MorphologyMorphologyМорфология1026-35432949-2556Eco-Vector69883010.17816/morph.698830ReviewsНаучные обзорыULTRASTRUCTURAL FEATURES OF PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH SPECIES: APOPTOSOME, INFLAMMASOME, AUTOPHAGOSOMEУЛЬТРАСТРУКТУРНЫЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ ПРОГРАММИРУЕМЫХ ВИДОВ КЛЕТОЧ-НОЙ ГИБЕЛИ: АПОПТОСОМА, ИНФЛАММАСОМА, АУТОФАГОСОМАhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3006-62814348-6781AreshidzeDavidАрешидзеДавид Александрович
Russian Federation

MD, Cand. Sci. (Biology)

Head of Laboratory of Pathology of Cell

Кандидат биологических наук

Заведующий лабораторией патологии клетки

labcelpat@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6251-25605647-1372KozlovaMaria AКозловаМария Александровна
Russian Federation

Старший научный сотрудник лаборатории патологии клетки, кандидат биологических наук

kma-morph@mail.ruRussian Scientific Center of Surgery named after academician B.V. PetrovskyРоссийский научный центр хирургии имени академика Б.В. ПетровскогоРНЦХ им. Б.В. Петровского2108202616441712202514022026Copyright ©; , Eco-VectorCopyright ©; , Эко-ВекторEco-VectorЭко-Векторhttps://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07https://j-morphology.com/1026-3543/article/view/698830

Cell death is a fundamental and physiologically necessary process in the development and functioning of a multicellular organism. Modern biology considers it not as chaotic necrosis, but as a set of strictly regulated programs, among which apoptosis, pyroptosis and autophagy are key. These processes are initiated by specific macromolecular complexes - apoptosome, inflammasome and autophagosome, respectively - whose unique ultrastructural organization directly determines their mechanism of action and biological consequences.

This review systematizes current data on the morphology, composition, assembly dynamics and functional significance of these three complexes in the context of programmed cell death. The apoptosome forming the symmetric "spoke wheel" heptameric complex serves as a platform to activate caspase-9 and trigger "pure" apoptosis without inflammation. Inflammasome, which is a dynamic filamentous oligomer (ASC- "spot"), functions as a sensor of innate immunity, activating caspase-1 to process proinflammatory cytokines and induce pyroptosis - inflammatory cell death. The autophagosome, unlike protein oligomers, is a two-membrane vesicle mediating the degradation and recycling of intracellular components; under certain conditions, its hyperactivation can lead to autophagic cell death.

A comparative analysis of the ultrastructural features of these complexes was carried out, a direct relationship was revealed between their specific architecture and the functions performed. A detailed study of their structure is not only fundamental to understanding the mechanisms of cell life and death, but also opens up prospects for the development of therapeutic strategies aimed at correcting disorders of the apoptosomal, inflammasomal and autophagic pathways in oncological, neurodegenerative, autoimmune and infectious diseases.

Клеточная гибель представляет собой фундаментальный и физиологически необходимый процесс в развитии и функционировании многоклеточного организма. Современная биология рассматривает ее не как хаотичный некроз, а как набор строго регулируемых программ, среди которых ключевое значение имеют апоптоз, пироптоз и аутофагия. Эти процессы инициируются специфическими макромолекулярными комплексами — апоптосомой, инфламмасомой и аутофагосомой соответственно, чья уникальная ультраструктурная организация напрямую определяет их механизм действия и биологические последствия.

В данном обзоре систематизированы современные данные о морфологии, составе, динамике сборки и функциональном значении этих трех комплексов в контексте программируемой клеточной гибели. Апоптосома, формирующая симметричный гептамерный комплекс «колеса со спицами», служит платформой для активации каспазы-9 и запуска «чистого» апоптоза без воспаления. Инфламмасома, представляющая собой динамичный филаментозный олигомер (ASC-«пятно»), функционирует как сенсор врожденного иммунитета, активируя каспазу-1 для процессинга провоспалительных цитокинов и индукции пироптоза — воспалительной гибели клетки. Аутофагосома, в отличие от белковых олигомеров, является двухмембранной везикулой, опосредующей деградацию и рециклинг внутриклеточных компонентов; в определенных условиях ее гиперактивация может привести к аутофагической гибели клетки.

Проведен сравнительный анализ ультраструктурных особенностей этих комплексов, выявлена прямая связь между их специфической архитектурой и выполняемыми функциями. Детальное изучение их строения имеет не только фундаментальное значение для понимания механизмов жизни и смерти клетки, но и открывает перспективы для разработки терапевтических стратегий, направленных на коррекцию нарушений апоптосомного, инфламмасомного и аутофагического путей при онкологических, нейродегенеративных, аутоиммунных и инфекционных заболеваниях.

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