Sympathoblasts and their malignant descendants: the cellular mosaic of neuroblastoma



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Abstract

The literature review presents a comprehensive analysis of current knowledge about neuroblastoma in the context of embryonic development of the sympathoadrenal system. The work traces the evolution of scientific understanding of this tumor, starting from the first descriptions of neuroblastoma in the second half of the 19th century. The review thoroughly highlights the conceptual foundations of the modern understanding of neuroblastoma as a consequence of disrupted normal differentiation of neural crest cells. Special attention is given to the embryological aspects of sympathoadrenal system development, including the processes of neural crest cell migration, their differentiation under the influence of external signals, and the formation of bipotent sympathoblasts capable of generating both neuronal and mesenchymal cell lineages. A significant part of the review is devoted to analyzing the cellular heterogeneity of neuroblastoma, manifested in the presence of neuronal H-type (adrenergic) cells and adhesive C-type (mesenchymal) cells. The authors analyze the results of recent studies, the challenges in identifying tumor cell populations, and emphasize the need for using validated species-specific markers. The work underscores the importance of integrating knowledge of normal embryogenesis with modern genomic technologies to develop more effective therapeutic strategies for this aggressive pediatric tumor.

Full Text

Abstract

The literature review presents a comprehensive analysis of current knowledge about neuroblastoma in the context of embryonic development of the sympathoadrenal system. The work traces the evolution of scientific understanding of this tumor, starting from the first descriptions of neuroblastoma in the second half of the 19th century. The review thoroughly highlights the conceptual foundations of the modern understanding of neuroblastoma as a consequence of disrupted normal differentiation of neural crest cells. Special attention is given to the embryological aspects of sympathoadrenal system development, including the processes of neural crest cell migration, their differentiation under the influence of external signals, and the formation of bipotent sympathoblasts capable of generating both neuronal and mesenchymal cell lineages. A significant part of the review is devoted to analyzing the cellular heterogeneity of neuroblastoma, manifested in the presence of neuronal H-type (adrenergic) cells and adhesive C-type (mesenchymal) cells. The authors analyze the results of recent studies, the challenges in identifying tumor cell populations, and emphasize the need for using validated species-specific markers. The work underscores the importance of integrating knowledge of normal embryogenesis with modern genomic technologies to develop more effective therapeutic strategies for this aggressive pediatric tumor.

Keywords

Neuroblastoma, neural crest, embryogenesis, cellular heterogeneity, sympathoblast.

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About the authors

Dmitry Konovalov

Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center Of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia; Russian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Moscow, Russia.

Email: dmk_nadf@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7732-8184
SPIN-code: 4037-8636

кандидат медицинских наук, доцент, заведующий патологоанатомическим отделением

Russian Federation, 1 Samory Mashela str., 117198, Moscow, Russia; 2/1 Barrikadnaya st., Moscow, 125993, Russia.

Anastasia Sharlai

Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center Of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology

Email: stacysharlay@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5354-7067
SPIN-code: 9720-5686

врач-лабораторный генетик патологоанатомического отделения 

Russian Federation, 1 Samory Mashela str., 117198, Moscow, Russia

Pavel Trakhtman


Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center Of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology

Author for correspondence.
Email: pavel.trakhtman@dgoi.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0231-1617
SPIN-code: 8135-1761

доктор медицинских наук, доцент, заведующий отделением трансфузиологии, заготовки и процессинга гемопоэтических стволовых клеток (Группа заготовки компонентов крови). 

Russian Federation, 1 Samory Mashela str., 117198, Moscow, Russia

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