Housing Construction

Insolation, defined as direct solar irradiation of surfaces and spaces, provides the Sun natural ultraviolet radiation from and is a natural factor in which man was formed. The insolation of residential, public buildings and adjacent territories helps to limit the spread of viral and bacterial diseases, pathogenic microflora transmitted by airborne droplets and through publicly accessible indoor surfaces. The article analyzes the features of domestic and foreign insolation duration rationing. It is shown that Russian standards provide a higher density of urban development compared to the European Union standards. They are the limit beyond which a sharp decline in the urban environment quality and difficult-to-predict infections epidemiological risks begin.

The Russian historical and cultural heritage in China, which is valuable material both for understanding the general processes of the world architecture development and for shaping the diverse and fully international architectural landscape of Shanghai yas been studied. The article examines the areas and results of professional activity, as well as the most representative objects of the creative heritage of Russian architects and engineers who worked in Shanghai in the early decades of the 20th century during the so-called emigrant period. The article provides brief biographical information on graduates of the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture, the St. Petersburg Imperial Academy of Arts and the Institute of Civil Engineers, as well as the Harbin Polytechnic Institute, which was founded by Russian engineers. Data on their preserved and lost buildings in Shanghai are given. The contribution of Russian architectural and construction culture and practice to the development of Chinese architecture is shown. The research scientific novelty is to introduce into scientific circulation the new information concerning various aspects of the creative and professional activities of the leading Moscow and St. Petersburg architectural and engineering training centers graduates as well as Harbin Polytechnic Institute graduates, which had a significant impact on the construction activities development in China. For the first time disparate data from the creative biographies of specialists being had different educational backgrounds, but being worked simultaneously in Shanghai in the early decades of the 20th century are summarized and presented together, which makes it possible to determine the influence of various architectural and engineering schools on the formation of urban planning.

The article examines the influence of the high-tech style on the development of future architecture using the example of projects by famous architects working in this style. Currently, high-tech continues to play a significant role in world architecture in design and construction, using the latest materials and technologies. By applying the method of comparative analysis, it is possible to identify the features of high-tech architecture. It is determined that high-tech forms have ceased to be used as purely symbolic, decorative additions to form-making and have become utilitarian-functional and technical elements (ventilation shafts, chimneys, volumes of stairs, elevators, solar panels, wind generators, metal frame in the form of pipe supports, special avant-garde design of lamps), which in the external appearance dominates the use of high-tech solutions. High-tech is becoming a vector for the architecture of the future into a new reality, seriously expanding its boundaries.

In the continuation of the article dedicated to methods of urban heritage regeneration by landscaping, a special type of historical and cultural heritage, which today is not singled out as an object of urban heritage in the legislation on the cultural heritage protection and regulatory documents is considered in details. In the regulatory documents of the USSR Ministry of Culture, the historical quarter was considered as an independent protected object or a part of historical and cultural protected area (place). Historical centers, districts, squares, streets, memorable places, historical and cultural landscapes and ancient cities cultural layers are receiving the status of historical and cultural protected areas (places) of state or regional significance, therefore”strict” regulation for urban development and economic use. Unfortunately, special requirements for landscaping were not regulated excluding requirements for park restoration. Based on the analysis of theory, regulatory and methodological documents and practice, the necessity of updating the historical quarter allocation as an cultural heritage object is substantiated. This is especially important for the systematic regeneration of historical urban areas by planning, landscape and technical methods of improvement. The characteristic urban planning features of Moscow’s historical districts, as an object of urban heritage, which can be “protected,” as well as how the methodology of landscaping should be changed along with changes in land owning as well as the emergence of many owners of multi-apartment building plots, which have received not only rights but also responsibilities, are considered. Land owners should be responsible for landscaping in compliance with the requirements the preservation of the heritage and the environment architectural and urban appearance established for the protected area (place) or district with strict regulation of urban development activities.