Voltammetric DNA sensors for detecting DNA damage based on poly (acridine orange) coatings obtained from relin and glycelin

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Abstract

A voltammetric DNA sensor has been developed to register DNA damage from the calf thymus by changing redox signals on cyclic voltammograms of a poly (acridine orange) (PAO) coating synthesized on a printed carbon-containing electrode from media of deep eutectic solvents – relin and glycelin and a phosphate buffer solution. The working conditions of DNA immobilization on each of the presented polymer coatings have been established. The influence of the nature of the electropolymerization medium on the electrochemical characteristics of the polymer acridine dye layer and the sensitivity of the polymer response to thermal and oxidative DNA damage has been revealed. With the optimal composition of the surface layer, the DNA sensor based on PAO synthesized from aqueous media (PAO1) reliably allowed us to determine only the fact of chemical oxidation of DNA. The use of PAO synthesized from relin (PAO2) and glycelin (PAO3) media in DNA sensors demonstrated not only the high sensitivity of PAO2 and PAO3 coatings to the introduction of DNA from the thymus of the calf as a whole, but also made it possible to successfully distinguish native, thermally denatured and chemically oxidized DNA.

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About the authors

А. V. Porfirieva

Kazan Federal University

Author for correspondence.
Email: porfireva-a@inbox.ru
Russian Federation, Kazan, 420008

Z. F. Khusnutdinova

Kazan Federal University

Email: porfireva-a@inbox.ru
Russian Federation, Kazan, 420008

G. A. Evtyugin

Kazan Federal University

Email: porfireva-a@inbox.ru
Russian Federation, Kazan, 420008

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Supplementary files

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2. Fig. 1. Cyclic voltammetry voltammetry patterns of dye electropolymerisation on PUE. (a) 1 mM AO in 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution with pH 7.0 containing 0.1 mol/L NaNO3, -0.6 ... 1.2 V, 20 cycles, 0.15 V/s; (b) 0.1 M AO in reline; (c) 0.1 M AO in glycelin, -1.2 ... 1.2 V, 20 cycles, 0.15 V/s.

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3. Fig. 2. Stability of the voltammetric signal of coatings (a), (b) PAO1; (c), (d) PAO2; (e), (f) PAO3, 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution with pH 7.0 containing 0.1 mol/L NaNO3, -0.8 ... 0.6 V, 0.15 V/s.

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4. Fig. 3. Cyclic voltammetry voltammetries of PAO1 (-), PAO2 (---), PAO3 (----) coatings after stabilisation using the chosen technique, 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution with pH 7.0 containing 0.1 mol/L NaNO3, -0.8 ... 0.6 V, 0.15 V/s.

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5. Fig. 4. pH dependence of oxidation and reduction peak currents for (a), (b) PAO1; (c), (d) PAO2; (e), (f) PAO3, 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution containing 0.1 mol/L NaNO3, pH 2.0-9.0, -0.8 ... 0.6 V, 0.15 V/s.

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6. Fig. 5. Effect of the way DNA from calf thymus was incorporated into the surface layer composition on the signal. (a), (b): PUE/PAO1, (c), (d): PUE/PAO2, (e), (f): PUE/PAO3. Cyclic volamperograms in the range -0.8 V ... 0.6 V, 0.15 V/s, 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution with pH 7.0 containing 0.1 mol/L NaNO3. Inclusion method: 1 - coating without DNA, 2 - drying, 3 - incubation for 10 min, 4 - 20 min, 5 - 30 min.

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7. Fig. 6. Effect of including different forms of DNA from calf thymus in the surface layer composition on the signal of (a), (b) PUE/PAO1, (c), (d) PUE/PAO2, (e), (f) PUE/PAO3. Cyclic voltammetryograms in the range -0.8 V ... 0.6 V, 0.15 V/s, 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution with pH 7.0 containing 0.1 mol/l NaNO3. Layer composition: 1 - coating without DNA, 2 - native DNA, 3 - thermally denatured DNA, 4 - chemically oxidised DNA.

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