Метноds for the extraction of organic compounds from solid samples. 1. Liquid extraction. Review of reviews

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Abstract

The first part of the review provides general information about the liquid extraction of organic compounds from solid samples and discusses various methods of its implementation: extraction in a Soxlet apparatus, ultrasonic extraction, extraction in a microwave field. Based on the analysis of the review papers, information on the features of sample preparation using these methods is systematized, experimental parameters affecting the extraction efficiency are considered, examples of the use of these methods for the isolation of organic compounds in the analysis of solid environmental objects, food and plants are given.

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About the authors

S. G. Dmitrienko

Lomonosov Moscow State Universify, Department of Chemistry

Email: nikatolm@mail.ru
Russian Federation, Moscow

V. V. Apyari

Lomonosov Moscow State Universify, Department of Chemistry

Email: nikatolm@mail.ru
Russian Federation, Moscow

V. V. Tolmacheva

Lomonosov Moscow State Universify, Department of Chemistry

Author for correspondence.
Email: nikatolm@mail.ru
Russian Federation, Moscow

М. V. Gorbunova

Lomonosov Moscow State Universify, Department of Chemistry

Email: nikatolm@mail.ru
Russian Federation, Moscow

А. А. Furletov

Lomonosov Moscow State Universify, Department of Chemistry

Email: nikatolm@mail.ru
Russian Federation, Moscow

Yu. А. Zolotov

Lomonosov Moscow State Universify, Department of Chemistry; N.S. Kurnakov lnstitute of General and lnorganic Chemistry of the Russion Аcademy оf Sciences

Email: nikatolm@mail.ru
Russian Federation, Мoscow; Мoscow

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2. Рис. 1. Схема проведения ультразвуковой экстракции из твердых образцов с использованием ультразвукового зонда (а) или ультразвуковой ванны (б) [80].

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3. Рис. 2. Явление кавитации. (а) Развитие и коллапс кавитационных пузырьков. (б) Кавитационный коллапс на границе твердого тела и жидкости. Последовательность (1)–(3) показывает схему фрагментации или разрушения твердых частиц, что приводит к уменьшению их размера (увеличению площади поверхности) [73].

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4. Рис. 3. (а) Принцип микроволновой экстракции в закрытых сосудах. (б) Коммерческий прибор для проведения микроволновой экстракции на 40 проб [106].

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5. Рис. 4. Установка для проведения микроволновой экстракции в режиме онлайн с последующим определением [103].

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