A Review on the Efficacy and Safety of Intrathecal Administration of Novel Medications for Leptomeningeal Metastases in Solid Cancers


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Abstract

Leptomeningeal disease (LMD) is a rare and lethal manifestation that may occur in the advanced stages of solid tumors and hematological malignancies. With advances in diagnostic techniques, the detection and confirmation of the presence of LMD have increased. Although its optimal treatment remains a challenge, the use of the intrathecal route for the delivery of novel therapeutics is now considered a promising drug delivery strategy to complement radiation and systemic-based therapies. Although methotrexate, cytarabine, and thiotepa have a long history in the treatment of LMD, other medications have also been shown to be beneficial. In this article, we have reviewed the effects of novel medications administered via the intrathecal route for the treatment of solid tumors. We have searched PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases till the end of September 2021 using the following keywords: "leptomeningeal disease", "leptomeningeal carcinomatosis", "leptomeningeal metastases", "solid tumors", "solid cancers", and "intrathecal". Our literature findings have uncovered that most studies on LMD, which occurs secondary to solid cancers, are available as ‘case reports’, and few clinical trials have been conducted to date. Single-drug (monotherapy) or combination drug therapy, administered via the intrathecal route, especially in metastatic breast and lung cancer, has been shown to improve patients' symptoms and overall lifespan, while exhibiting a low and acceptable prevalence of side effects. However, judgments/conclusions about the effectiveness and safety of these drugs still require further clinical evaluation.

About the authors

Fatemeh Jafari

Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy,, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Mohammad Nodeh

Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine,, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences,

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Hesamoddin Hosseinjani

Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy,, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Hamed Baharara

Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy,, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Sajad Azad

Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Omid Arasteh

Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy,, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences

Author for correspondence.
Email: info@benthamscience.net

Thomas Johnston

Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy,, University of Missouri-Kansas City

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Amirhossein Sahebkar

Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute,, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences

Author for correspondence.
Email: info@benthamscience.net

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