THE METHOD OF FORENSIC FACIAL RECONSTRUCTIONS

Abstract

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Aim. Forensic facial reconstruction is the anatomical method of recreating the face of an individual based on their skull. The forensic experts can study the skull to build a biological profile of a person. Material and Methods. The basic knowledge and expertise are needed in the facial reconstruction process. This includes the muscle groups and the location and tissue depth of each of these muscles. Before explore the muscles to be assembled, the experts need to prepare the skull. The skull is levelled to ensure it is parallel to the ground by placing the ‘Frankfurt plane’ and attach a series of osteometric markers to the skull that can act as an indication of the depth of each of the muscles. The muscles are: Occipitofrontalis, Temporalis, Buccinator, Masseter, Mentalis, Depressor labii inferioris, Orbicularis Oris, Levator Anguli Oris, Levator Labii Superioris, Depressor Anguli Oris, Levator Labii Superioris Alaeque Nasi, Zygomatic Major and Minor, Orbicularis Oculi and Risorius. Results and Discussion. Forensic experts refer to facial reconstruction as a «tool for recognition» rather than accurate identification process. Many features of facial morphology can be determined using scientific methods. However, some features, such as the lips, eyes, and ears, require a degree of artistic interpretation. Also, lifestyle and external factors can influence the appearance in idiosyncratic ways. For example, facial ageing can be accelerated by cigarette smoking, sun damage or weight loss. Conclusions. Forensic facial reconstruction is a powerful tool that significantly enhances the chances of identification. The knowledge of facial anatomy is vital to be able to reconstruct a face from a skull.