Anatomical observation of the sinoatrial node artery of the cardiac conduction system in adult humans
- Authors: Iakimov A.A.1,2, Dmitrieva E.G.1,2, Gaponov A.A.1,2, Sukhorosova A.G.1
-
Affiliations:
- Ural State Medical University
- Ural Federal University named after the First President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin
- Issue: Vol 160, No 3 (2022)
- Pages: 189-198
- Section: Original Study Articles
- URL: https://j-morphology.com/1026-3543/article/view/529672
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.17816/morph.529672
- ID: 529672
Cite item
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Anatomical investigations of atrial blood vessels are limited. Knowledge of the anatomical variants of the sinoatrial node artery is important to enhance cardiac surgery and elucidate the pathogenesis of supraventricular arrhythmias.
AIM: To explore and clarify the number, variants, location, and course of sinoatrial node arteries in the heart of middle-aged and older individuals.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 62 formalin-fixed hearts of humans who died from noncardiac causes, the sinoatrial node arteries were dissected and measured using an electronic caliper. Histologically, the location of the artery into the sinoatrial node was clarified through hematoxylin and eosin and Masson trichrome staining.
RESULTS: The number of sinoatrial node arteries varied from 1 (86.6%) to 3 (1.7%). Commonly, sinoatrial node arteries arose from the right coronary artery (66.7%) between the aortic root and right atrial appendage or from the proximal part of the left circumflex artery (28.3%). Rarely, sinoatrial node arteries originated from the orifice of the right coronary artery, from the left coronary artery bifurcation, and on the diaphragmatic surface of the heart from the distal parts of the right coronary artery or left circumflex artery. Sinoatrial node arteries appeared to have subepicardial and intramyocardial components. The sinoatrial node artery that originated from the right coronary artery traveled mainly subepicardially; however, the sinoatrial node artery from the left coronary artery showed a predominantly intramyocardial course. The diameter of the sinoatrial node artery that originated from the right coronary artery varied from 0.7 to 2.8 mm and that from the left coronary artery system varied from 1.1 to 2.5 mm (median, 1.7 mm; p=0.96). The right coronary artery and sinoatrial node artery that branched from that formed a correlation pair in diameter values (Rs=0 .44; р=0.005).
CONCLUSIONS: The sinoatrial node artery has common and rare variants, which differ in the number, origin, and topography of the artery.
Keywords
Full Text
About the authors
Andrei A. Iakimov
Ural State Medical University; Ural Federal University named after the First President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin
Author for correspondence.
Email: Ayakimov07@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8267-2895
SPIN-code: 8618-2991
MD, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor
Russian Federation, Ekaterinburg; EkaterinburgEugeniya G. Dmitrieva
Ural State Medical University; Ural Federal University named after the First President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin
Email: anmayak@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2973-3481
SPIN-code: 7966-8133
Russian Federation, Ekaterinburg; Ekaterinburg
Anton A. Gaponov
Ural State Medical University; Ural Federal University named after the First President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin
Email: gagaponov@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6681-7537
SPIN-code: 2841-6740
Russian Federation, Ekaterinburg; Ekaterinburg
Anna G. Sukhorosova
Ural State Medical University
Email: suhorosovaa@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9850-9387
SPIN-code: 5135-1238
Russian Federation, Ekaterinburg
References
- https://www.who.int/ [Internet]. The top 10 causes of death. World Health Organization, 2020 [cited: 09.04.2023]. Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/
- Bokerija LA, Berishvili II. Hirurgicheskaja anatomija venechnyh arterij. Moscow: Nauchnyj centr serdechno-sosudistoj hirurgii im. A.N. Bakuleva RAMN; 2003. (In Russ.)
- Korobkeev AA, Sokolov VV. Morfometricheskaia kharakteristika tipov vetvleniia arteriĭ serdtsa cheloveka. Morphology. 2000;117(1):34–37. (In Russ).
- Hegazy MA, Mansour KS, Alzyat AM, et al. A systematic review on normal and abnormal anatomy of coronary arteries. Eur J Anat. 2022;26(3):355–368. doi: 10.52083/FDTA2953
- Loukas M, Groat C, Khangura R, et al. The normal and abnormal anatomy of the coronary arteries. Clin Anat. 2009;22(1):114–128. doi: 10.1002/ca.20761
- Vikse J, Henry B.M, Roy J, et al. Anatomical variations in the sinoatrial nodal artery: a meta-analysis and clinical considerations. PLoS One. 2016; 11(2):e0148331. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148331
- Fal’kovskij GJe. Stroenie serdca i anatomicheskie osnovy ego funkcii. Moscow: Izdatel’stvo NC SSH im. A.N. Bakuleva RAMN; 2014. (In Russ.)
- Sokolov VV, Varegin MP. Anatomija sinusno-predserdnogo uzla i istochniki ego vaskuljarizacii u cheloveka. Arhiv anatomii, gistologii i jembriologii. 1990;98(6): 5–12. (In Russ).
- Anderson RH, Spicer DE, Hlavacek AM, et al. Wilcoxs surgical anatomy of the heart, 4th ed. Cambridge Univ Press; 2013.
- Ho SY, Sánchez-Quintana D. Anatomy and pathology of the sinus node. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2016;46(1):3–8. doi: 10.1007/s10840-015-0049-6
- Sokolov VV, Varegin MP, Evtushenko AV. Variant angioarchitectonics of the nodal structures of the conduction system in human heart and its importance in heart rate variability. Morfologiia (Saint Petersburg, Russia). 2002;121(2-3):146 (In Russ).
- Zatonskaya EV, Matyushin GV, Gogolashvili NG, Novgorodtseva NYa. Epidemiology of arrhythmias (literature review). Siberian medical review. 2016;3:5–16 (In Russ).
- Jensen PN, Gronroos NN, Chen LY, et al. Incidence of and risk factors for sick sinus syndrome in the general population. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64(6):531–538. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.03.056
- Zhang LJ, Wang YZ, Huang W, et al. Anatomical investigation of the sinus node artery using dual-source computed tomography. Circ J. 2008;72(10):1615–1620. doi: 10.1253/circj.cj-08-0149
- Ozturk E, Saglam M, Bozlar U, et al. Arterial supply of the sinoatrial node: a CT coronary angiographic study. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011;27(4):619–627. doi: 10.1007/s10554-010-9705-1
- Nerantzis CE, Anninos H, Marianou SK, Pastromas S. The behavior of three types of large sinus node arteries with regard to the blood supply of the atrial myocardium. Surg Radiol Anat. 2021;43(3):311–316. doi: 10.1007/s00276-020-02621-5
- Berdajs D, Patonay L, Turina MI. The clinical anatomy of the sinus node artery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2003;76(3):732–735. doi: 10.1016/s0003-4975(03)00660-x
- Bokeriya LA, Makarenko VN, Yurpol’skaya LA, et al. Visualization of sinus node arteries by multislice spiral computed tomography coronary angiography. Journal of radiology and nuclear medicine. 2014;(1):19–22. (In Russ).
- Okmen AS, Okmen E. Sinoatrial node artery arising from posterolateral branch of right coronary artery: definition by screening consecutive 1500 coronary angiographies. Anadolu Kardiyol Derg. 2009;9(6):481–485.
- Nerantzis CE, Koulouris S, Pastromas S. Sinus node artery originating from the posterior part of the right coronary artery. Surg Radiol Anat. 2011;33(4):373–375. doi: 10.1007/s00276-010-0717-2
- Cabrera JA, Ho SY, Climent V, Sánchez-Quintana D. The architecture of the left lateral atrial wall: a particular anatomic region with implications for ablation of atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J. 2008;29(3):356–362. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehm606
- Shimotakahara R, Shimada K, Kodama K. Anatomical study on the sinuatrial nodal branch in the human coronary artery. Anat Sci Int. 2014;89(2):79–84. doi: 10.1007/s12565-013-0202-1