人脑半球皮层中与淀粉样蛋白斑相关的突触结构的形态特征

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论证。进行性和不可逆的突触丧失是阿尔茨海默病（AD）的关键表现之一，且与患病的认知障碍程度相关。突触的病理学研究对于理解AD的发病机制和进展机制可能具有决定性意义。因此，分析这种病理发展过程中突触的结构和功能变化是一项重要任务。在此类研究中，最可靠和最广泛使用的突触标记之一是突触素，它是一种突触小泡膜中的蛋白质。

目的 — 研究淀粉样蛋白斑形成过程中人脑皮层中含有突触素的结构的形态特征。

材料和方法。该研究的材料是65至94岁男性和女性的大脑皮层样本（n=10）。为了同时查明突触和淀粉样斑块，使用了一种新的光学显微镜独创技术，该技术基于突触素蛋白的免疫组织化学检测和用组织化学染料阿尔新蓝对淀粉样斑块进行染色。

结果。大多数淀粉样蛋白斑显示出异常的突触素免疫阳性结构，推测这些结构是营养不良性的突触前。这些结构的特点是尺寸大、形状不清晰，并且仅存在于淀粉样蛋白斑的组成中。一个有趣的发现是，在所有研究的大脑皮层样本中都发现了所谓的多糖体（淀粉体），这些多糖体具有明显的球形特征，主要位于脑膜附近、脑室周围和血管周围。多糖体周围的突触素免疫阳性末端始终具有典型的结构和分布密度，不表现出病理迹象。

结论。在老年痴呆症患者、高龄人和长寿人的大脑半球皮层中，会形成异常的含突触素的结构，这些结构位于淀粉样蛋白斑块内或周围。包括在AD情况下，从确定突触紊乱的新生物标志，以及寻找这种疾病的早期诊断标志物的角度来看，进一步研究这些结构是很有前景的。

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作者简介

Valeria V. Guselnikova

Institute of Experimental Medicine

编辑信件的主要联系方式.
Email: Guselnicova.Valeriia@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9499-8275
SPIN 代码: 5115-4320

Cand. Sci. (Biology)

俄罗斯联邦, Saint Petersburg

Valeria A. Razenkova

Institute of Experimental Medicine

Email: valeriya.raz@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3997-2232
SPIN 代码: 8877-8902
俄罗斯联邦, Saint Petersburg

Elena A. Fedorova

Institute of Experimental Medicine

Email: el-fedorova2014@ya.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0190-885X
SPIN 代码: 5414-4122

Cand. Sci. (Biology)

俄罗斯联邦, Saint Petersburg

Dmitry E. Korzhevsky

Institute of Experimental Medicine

Email: dek2@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2456-8165
SPIN 代码: 3252-3029

MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor of the Russian Academy of Sciences

俄罗斯联邦, Saint Petersburg

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2. Fig. 1. Synaptophysin-immunopositive structures in the human cerebral cortex with amyloid plaques. Immunohistochemical reaction for synaptophysin (brown) with Alcian blue counterstaining (blue). Fig. b is an enlarged fragment of Fig. a (yellow frame). The arrowheads indicate abnormal synaptophysin-containing structures associated with amyloid plaques. The distance line in Fig. c is 11.2 µm. The scale bar is 50 µm (a) and 20 µm (b–d)

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3. Fig. 2. Amyloid plaques and corpora amylacea in the human cerebral cortex: spatial relationship with synaptic structures. Immunohistochemical reaction for synaptophysin (brown) with Alcian blue counterstaining (blue). The arrows indicate corpora amylacea. The arrowheads indicate abnormal synaptophysin-containing structures associated with amyloid plaques. The scale bar is 50 µm (a), 20 µm (b) and 10 µm (a, yellow frame)

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