Vol 158, No 4-5 (2020)
- Year: 2020
- Articles: 23
- URL: https://j-morphology.com/1026-3543/issue/view/5193
Articles
NUCLEOLI IN DEVELOPING HISTAMINERGIC NEURONS OF THE RAT BRAIN
Abstract
Introduction. There are a number of physiological, experimental, and pathological conditions that can induce changes in the size, morphology, location, and number of nucleoli in accordance with functional and metabolic activity. One of these conditions is the postnatal maturation of cells, including neurons. Objective - to assess the characteristics of structural and functional formation of histaminergic neurons nucleoli in rat brain during postnatal ontogeny. Material and methods. The work was performed on the offspring of outbred white rats (12 rats) on the 5th, 20th and 45th days of postnatal ontogenesis. Electron microscopic, morphometric and statistical methods were used to study the number and quantity of nucleoli in the nuclei of histaminergic neurons located in the E2 nucleus of posterior hypothalamic region of rat brain. Results. From the 5th to the 45th day of the rat postnatal development, there was a decrease in the number and increase in the size of the nucleoli in the nuclei of histaminergic neurons located in the posterior hypothalamic region, as well as their movement from the karyolemma to the center of the nucleus. As animals growed up, relatively compact nucleoli in the brain histaminergic neurons gradually transformed into reticular nucleoli, while the quantity of fibrillar and granular components increased, at the same time the quantity of fibrillar centers increased and the size of fibrillar centers decreased. In addition, we detected a decrease in the cloud of migrating ribosome subunits between the nucleolus and karyolemma and in the amount of heterochromatin associated with the nucleolus. Conclusions. From the 5th to the 45th day of the postnatal development, the number, size, structure and topography of the nucleoli of the rat brain histaminergic neurons located in the E2 hypothalamic nucleus in postnatal ontogenesis changed significantly.
Morphology. 2020;158(4-5):7-13
7-13
AGE-RELATED CHANGES IN THICKNESS OF CORTEX AND ITS LAYERS IN THE PARAMEDIAN LOBULE OF THE CEREBELLUM IN CHILDREN
Abstract
Objective - to study the age-related changes in the thickness of the cortex and its layers in the paramedian lobule of the cerebellum in children. Material and methods. The work was performed on postmortem material (62 cerebellums) obtained from children aged from birth to 12 years who died from injuries but without brain damage. The thickness of the cortex, as well as the thickness of its molecular and granular layers, were measured using computer morphometry on the Nissl-stained frontal histological sections of the cortex taken bilaterally in the region of the paramedian (gracile) lobule (HVIIB) at the top of the folia of cerebellum. Analysis of quantitative data was performed at annual intervals. Results. In the paramedian lobule of the cerebellum, the increase in the thickness of the cortex occured in four stages: in the right hemisphere - from birth to 1, 3, 5 and 9 years, in the left hemisphere - to 1, 5, 7 and 9 years. Left-sided asymmetry of the cortical thickness of the cerebellum was observed in 1 and 2-year old children, the thickness of the molecular layer - in 3-year old children. Right-sided asymmetry was characteristic for the thickness of the granular layer in 3-year old children and a cross-section of the cortex in 6-year old children. The thickness of the cortex and layers in the area of the paramedian lobule of the cerebellum on the average group indicators reached the level of adults by 9 years. Conclusions. The thickness of the cerebellar cortex and its layers in the area of the lobule HVIIB increased heterochronically and heterogeneously in the right and left hemispheres of the cerebellum in children of the first year of life, and in the periods of early, first and second childhood. No reduction in the diameter of the cortex and layers in the paramedian lobule of the cerebellum of children from birth to 12 years was found.
Morphology. 2020;158(4-5):14-18
14-18
CELLULAR ORGANIZATION OF PINEAL GLAND OF HUMAN: AN IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STUDY
Abstract
Objective - to investigate the cellular composition of the human pineal gland. Material and methods. Immunohistochemical staining for cytospecific markers that selectively detect astroglial, endothelial, nerve, and mast cells was carried out to study pineal gland of 7 humans aged 16-68. Antibodies to glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), vimentin, light chain neurofilament protein (clone 2F11), and mast cell tryptase were used. Results. GFAP immunohistochemistry revealed a large number of astroglial processes, but few bodies of astroglial cells. The cells had relatively few primary processes, which were significantly thicker than those of stellate astrocytes in other parts of the brain. Astrocyte processes densely ensheathed the blood vessels and many concretions. Vimentin immunoreactivity was detected in many cellular processes in the stroma and partly in the parenchyma and in endothelial cells around the blood vessels. No coexistence of GFAP and vimentin was found in the same structures. Light chain neurofilaments were detected in some pinealocytes and their processes. Tryptase-immunopositive mast cells were detected in all studied samples of the pineal gland (usually in the stroma). Conclusions. 1) According to morphological characteristcs, GFAP-immunopositive astrocytes in the human pineal gland differ from typical stellate astrocytes in other parts of the brain, which makes it possible to allocate pineal GFAP-positive astrocytes into a separate subgroup of astrocytes; 2) astrocytes of the human pineal gland, unlike pineal astrocytes of other mammals, do not co-express GFAP and vimentin; 3) mast cells are an obligatory component of the human pineal gland - mandatory in the stroma and optional in the parenchyma; 4) human pinealocytes express neuron-specific neurofilament protein, which testifies in favor of their neuron-like nature; 5) localization of neuron-like endocrine cells and a significant number of mast cells in the human epiphysis determines this endocrine organ as an important component of a integral neuroimmune-endocrine system of the organism.
Morphology. 2020;158(4-5):19-26
19-26
EFFECT OF LONG-TERM EMOTIONALPAINFUL STRESS ON THE HISTONE H3 PHOSPHORYLATION IN THE MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX AND BASOLATERAL AMYGDALA OF RATS WITH GENETIC DIFFERENCES IN EXCITABILITY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
Abstract
Objective - to study the effect of the long-term emotional-painful stress on the level of histone H3 phosphorylation at Ser10 (phH3-Ser10) in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPC) and basolateral amygdala (BLA) in the rats of two strains characterized by different excitability of the nervous system in normal conditions and at various intervals (24 hours, 2 weeks, 2 months) after the long-term emotional-painful stress (LEPS). Material and methods. The immunoreactivity of mPC and BLA cells to phH3-Ser10 was studied using the immunohistochemical method. The objects of investigation were selected rat strains: НТ (high threshold, low excitability of the nervous system) and LT (low threshold, high excitability of the nervous system). A long-term (15 days) exposure to emotional-painful stress according to K. Hecht’s scheme was used. Results. Intact rats with low nervous excitability (HT strain - high threshold) demonstrated more high basal level of phH3Ser10 in BLA cells than rats with high excitability (LT strain - low threshold). No differences in basal level of phH3-Ser10 between two rat strains were found. The exposure to emotional- painful stress caused alterations in the level of phH3-Ser10 in rats from both strains. Increase of phH3-Ser10 level in the mPC was short-term (24h after LEPS) in LT rats and long-term (up to 2 months) in HT rats. The long-term (up to 2 months) increase of phH3-Ser10 level after stress in the BLA was discovered in LT rats only. Conclusions. Long-term changes in histone H3 phosphorylation, which have structural specificity and depend on genetically determined functional state of rats nervous system, were revealed.
Morphology. 2020;158(4-5):27-33
27-33
MELANIN IN THE PINEAL GLANDS OF CANIDAE
Abstract
Objective - to study the presence of melanin in the pineal gland (PG) and to assess the frequency of the pigmented glands occurrence in Canidae of different age groups. Material and methods. The objects of the research were raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides Grey), fox (Vulpes vulpes L.) and Arctic fox (V. lagopus L.). In immature (6-8 months) and adult (1,5-3,5 years) females of each species, the presence of the PG pigmentation was visually assessed and the proportion (%) of the pigmented and non-pigmented PG was calculated. The number of immature and adult animals was as follows: raccoon dog - n=4, n=15, fox - n=15, n=28, Arctic fox - n=14, n=14, accordingly. PG morphology was studied by histological methods; the sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and according to Masson-Fontana technique. Results. Clusters of melanin in the PG of studied species were located both on the periphery of the gland and near the blood vessels. The great variability of the PG pigmentation was detected. The age and the species membership affected the frequency of pigmented PGs findings. In raccoon dogs pigmented PGs were observed in immature individuals only (25 %), in foxes - in adults only (21,4 %). In blue foxes pigmented PGs were characteristic of both age groups, but with age their proportions decreased (from 21,4 to 7,1 %). Conclusions. A great variability in the degree of PG pigmentation was demonstrated. The frequency of the pigmented glands occurrence in Canidae is species-specific and depends on the age of the animals.
Morphology. 2020;158(4-5):34-39
34-39
MORPHOMETRIC ANATOMY AND INTRAORGAN TOPOGRAPHY OF THE CORONARY ORIFICES IN HEART OF ADULT HUMAN
Abstract
Objective - to reveal common and rare variants of the anatomy and intraorganic topography of the coronary orifices in normal hearts of adult human with regard to patterns of cardiac ventricular blood supply. Material and methods. On 65 specimens of aortic valves opened through non-coronary sinus, the minimal and maximal diameters of each orifice were measured with a caliper, the shape of the orifices was determined according to the ratio of the diameters, and the position of the orifices was studied. Results. The orifices of both right and left coronary arteries were mostly found to be round, less frequently oval. In most cases, the left coronary artery arose from the central third and the right artery arose from the central or posterior third of corresponding sinus at the level of the upper edge of the semilunar cusp or between the edge and the sinotubular junction. The localization of the arterial orifice within the sinuses at the level of sinotubular junction or above it was uncommon for the both arteries. In 20 % of cases, the conal artery arose with its own orifice in front of the mouth of the right coronary artery. Conclusions. Typical and rare shapes of the coronary orifices, variants of their position regarding to vertical axis of the aorta are the same, whereas variants of their position in horizontal axis are different. There is no relationship between variants of form of the orifices, position of the orifices and types of blood supply of heart ventricles.
Morphology. 2020;158(4-5):40-47
40-47
CHANGES IN THE MORPHOMETRIC PARAMETERS OF THE BASILAR ARTERY WALL WHEN ITS COURSE IS GEOMETRICALLY ABNORMAL (KINKING AND COILING OF THE BASILAR ARTERY)
Abstract
Objective - to reveal the pattern of changes in the morphometric parameters of the basilar artery when the geometric configuration of its course alters with the formation of an acute angle, spiral or loop. Material and methods. We studied 16 non-fixed human brain specimens. Anatomy of the basilar artery was studied by methods of macro- and micro-preparation, angiomorphometry was carried out with subsequent processing of the results of the study. Results. During angiomorphometry of 16 basilar arteries, normal straight course of the vessel was detected in 68,75 % of the cases. The value of the elastic properties index was 0,33±0,01. In 31,25 % of cases, a change in the geometric configuration of the course of the basilar artery was revealed. The basilar artery kinking was formed in 40 % and coiling - in 60 % of the total number of all cases with abnormal vessel course. The value of the elastic properties index was 0,34±0,01, which is not significantly different from the average values for muscle-type arteries. The study of the length, wall thickness, outer diameter and lumen diameter of the vessels showed a significant excess of these parameters in comparison with the vessels with normal linear course. Conclusions. The data obtained during the study indicate an increase in the outer diameter of the basilar artery, as well as an increase in the thickness of the vascular wall and the inner lumen in the case of kinking or coiling.
Morphology. 2020;158(4-5):48-52
48-52
ARCHITECTONICS OF THE BRANCHES OF THE AORTIC ARCH, CELIAC AND SUPRARENAL ARTERIES IN BAIKAL SEAL
Abstract
Objective - to study the architectonics of the aortic arch branches, as well as blood vessels of the spleen, liver and adrenal glands in the Baikal seal. Material and methods. The research was carried out on 60 immature Baikal seals aged from 1 year to 4 years. The architectonics of the vascular system in the Phoca sibirica was studied using a combination of methods (anatomy dissection, production of vascular corrosion casts, graphic simulation, histological and morphometric analysis). Statistica 6,0 software was used to process the results. Anatomic terms in the present research were used according to the International Veterinary Anatomical Nomenclature (2017) and International Histological Nomenclature (2017). Results. The following anatomical characteristics of Baikal seal blood vessels were revealed: the aortic arch had an ampulla-type dilatation; the brachycephalic artery arised from the right side of the aortic arch; the left common carotid and subclavian arteries arised from the left side of the aortic arch. The spleen blood supply was characterized by venous sinuses in the red pulp. Three branches of the subclavian arteries symmetrically arising from the abdominal aorta, and one subclavian artery arising from the renal artery supplied the adrenal glands. The venous system consisted of two trunks of the caudal vena cava, a large hepatic sinus, an ampulla-type dilatation of hepatic veins and a diaphragmatic sphincter. Conclusions. Specific anatomical characteristics of the Baikal seal vascular system associated with its way of life were demonstrated.
Morphology. 2020;158(4-5):53-59
53-59
PROLONGED BAKTERIOPHAGAL INFECTION OF GUT MICROBIOTA REDUCES THE EXPRESSION OF ALPHA-SYNUCLEIN IN THE RAT PANETH CELLS
Abstract
Objective - to investigate the intensity of the alpha - synuclein expression by Paneth cells of rat in normal conditions and prolonged bacteriophagal infection of gut microbiota. Material and methods. Experimental studies were performed on 12 adult Wistar male rats weighting 280-320 g. The rats of the main group (n=7) received rectally a 0,5 ml of solution containing a mixture of bacteriophages directed against 14 human pathogens (Microgen, Russia). The solution was introduced weekly for a period of 12 weeks. Each dose of bacteriophagal mixture contained 0,5×106 units/ml of each phage. Animals of the control group (n=5) received 0,5 ml of sterile physiological saline according to the same scheme. After transcardial perfusion, specimens of proximal portion of ileum 1-2 cm upstream the ileocecal junction were obtained. Serial cryostat sections were used for hematoxylin and eosin staining and for detection of immunopositive alpha-synuclein by monoclonal mouse antibodies (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) and commercially available kit containing avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex (АBC Elite; Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA). Results. Prolonged bacteriophage infection led to a significant decrease in the number of alpha-synuclein immunopositive cells compared with control. The area of Paneth cells occupied by the alpha synuclein-immunoreactive product and acidophilic granules significantly reduced. Conclusions. Immunopositive alpha-synuclein was detected in the apical parts of Paneth cells, in the area of acidophilic granules localization. The intestinal dysbiosis caused by bacteriophage infection of microbiota led to granular depletion of Paneth cells and a decrease in the expression of immunoreactive alphasynuclein in them, which indicates its involvement in excretion mechanisms.
Morphology. 2020;158(4-5):60-65
60-65
REACTIVE CHANGES OF LIVER AND KIDNEY HISTOLOGICAL ELEMENTS IN MURINE MODELS OF SEPSIS CAUSED BY ADMINISTRATION OF DIFFERENT PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA STRAINS TO MICE
Abstract
Objective - to identify reactive changes of liver and kidney histological elements in experimental models of sepsis in mice caused by 1840 and 1623 Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains (PsA1840, 1623). Material and methods. Sepsis was modeled in two groups of mature male C57Bl/6 mice by intraperitoneal administration of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Strain 1840 was administered to animals of the first group (n=8), animals of the second group (n=12) were administered strain 1623; the control group consisted of 3 animals. Before the experiment, the strains were tested for the presence of genes of exotoxins U, S, T, Y (ExoU, ExoS, ExoT, ExoY) using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Electrophoresis in horizontal 1,5 % agarose gel was used to visualize PCR products. The animals were euthanized at the terminal stage of sepsis. The extracted liver and kidneys were fixed according to the generally accepted histological method, and embedded into paraffin blocks. Serial 4 μm thick sections of organs were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, analyzed and photographed using «AxioPlus» light microscope (Zeiss, Germany). Results. Strain PsA 1840, carrying the gene of exotoxin U (ExoU), caused severe destructive changes of hepatocytes plates and the replacement of the liver parenchyma with homogeneous eosinophilic substance. There were signs of blood stasis in sinusoidal capillaries, expansion and thrombosis of central veins, a few accumulations of leukocytes. Morphological changes of nephrons consisted of local destructive changes in the proximal tubules at the periphery of kidney cortical substance. After the introduction of PsA1623, carrying the gene of exotoxin S (ExoS), the massive death of renal corpuscles and degeneration of nephron tubules were registered. However, the lobular histoarchitecture in the liver remained mostly unaltered. Conclusions. It is supposed that there is a possible connection of the observed differences in reactive changes of liver and kidney histological elements in two experimental groups with genome features of PsA strains used for the sepsis modeling.
Morphology. 2020;158(4-5):66-71
66-71
MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PLACENTA IN PUERPERAS WITH VARICOSE VEINS OF THE GENITAL ORGANS
Abstract
Objective - to study morphological characteristics of placenta in puerperas suffering from genital varicosities. Material and methods. Fifty five placentas were studied, 35 (group I) from puerperas with varicose veins (VV) of genitals, 20 (group II) from relatively healthy pregnant women. Histological analysis was carried out with the help of Olympus CX - 31 light microscope, the sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and studied at the 100 magnification. Results. Macroscopic examination of placentas from puerperas with VV of external and internal genitals revealed multiple small petrifications on the surface of the lobules, as well as plaque-like light thickening, swelling of tissues and blood clots. Besides, we found signs of local disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in the intervillous space, infarction foci and necrotic villi, hypervolemia and venous stasis and thrombosis. Fibrin deposition in the lacunae of the basal membrane and fibrinoid «glueing» of villi led to formation of conglomerates and afunctional zones of the villous chorion. Along with the damage to the structure of the placenta in cases of VV of the genitals, pregnant women demonstrated disturbances in microcirculation in the chorion villi, development of compensatory and adaptive reactions with the phenomena of hypervascularization and an increase in the area of the microcirculatory bed. Conclusion. In cases of VV of the genitals in pregnant women, microcirculation disorders in the chorion villi and signs of local DIC syndrome aroused, compensatory and adaptive reactions developed and hypervascularization phenomena and an increase in the area of the microcirculatory bed were found.
Morphology. 2020;158(4-5):72-77
72-77
MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF VASCULAR-STROMAL REMODELING OF HUMAN PLACENTA VILLOUS CHORION IN CONDITIONS OF CIRCULATORY HYPOXIA
Abstract
Objective - to study microstructural characteristics, angiogenic and vascular-stromal immunohistochemical markers of remodeling in the villous chorion of placenta in conditions of circulatory hypoxia of various severity levels. Material and methods. Histological and immunohistochemical study of the 54 term placentas was carried out. Twenty placentas were obtained from women suffering from non-operated CHD; 19 placentas - from women with corrected CHD and 15 - from women with normal pregnancy and delivery (controls). Monoclonal mouse antibodies raised against VEGF, CD34, SMA, Collagen III, and Collagen IV were used to carry out immunohistochemical reaction in specimens of placental tissue. Results. The paper demonstrated the histological structure of the chorionic villi obtained from women with normal pregnancy and structural characteristics of compensatory and adaptive response of placenta to hypoxic stress. The quantitative assessment of the expression of signaling protein molecules involved in the remodeling of the placental barrier demonstrated that the structural and functional restructuring of placental villi depended on hypoxemia and its intensity in pregnant women. Markers of structural and functional deadaptation of the chorionic villi in conditions of uncorrected circulation hypoxia caused by CHD were established. The signs of placental compensatory-adaptive processes activation in cases of surgical correction of the heart defect before pregnancy were identified. Conclusions. The compensatory and adaptive processes in placenta and adequate level of reparation of damaged placental tissues are vital condition of physiological course of pregnancy and childbirth. The violation of structural and functional remodeling of villous chorion in conditions of circulatory hypoxia contributes to the development of placental insufficiency, increases the risk of perinatal pathology of the fetus and the newborn. Adaptive remodeling of neoangiogenesis and extracellular matrix of placental villi contributes to gestation prolonging and live full-time birth.
Morphology. 2020;158(4-5):78-86
78-86
MORPHO-FUNCTIONAL AND PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF YOUNG MEN OF NOVOSIBIRSK DEPENDING ON THE TYPE OF CONSTITUTION
Abstract
Objective - to study morpho-functional and psychophysiological characteristics of young men of Novosibirsk depending on the type of constitution. Material and methods. The research data on morpho-functional and psychophysiological parameters in 18 to 20-years old young men of different constitution types (119 young men, divided into asthenic, normosthenic, and hypersthenic types) are given. The following morpho-functional parameters were studied: height and body weight, chest girth, lung capacity. The following indices were calculated: hand grip strength index, life index; Quetelet index, Pignet index, index of sthenia, double product. The following psychophysiological parameters were studied: a simple visual-motor reaction, switching of attention, mental performance, the amount of mechanical, semantic and figurative memory. Results. According to the results of the study, an individually typological morpho-functional and psychophysiological «portrait» of each type of constitution was formed. The characteristic of asthenic type of constitution: high indices of body length and index of sthenia, low body mass index, chest girth and Quetelet index; low hand grip strength index, the maximum level of the life index; high level of body reactivity, mechanical memory and switching attention; maximum mobility of nervous processes. Characteristics of normosthenic type of constitution: low body length, average values of the Quetelet index and the sthenia index; high level of hand grip strength index, average level of life index, low efficiency of cardiovascular system activity; a high level of body reactivity and switching attention; average mobility of nervous processes. Characteristics of hypersthenic type of constitution: high rates of body weight, chest girth, Quetelet index, low index of sthenia; low levels of hand grip strength and life indices; low level of body reactivity and switching of attention, high level of semantic memory; minimal mobility of nervous processes, high productivity of mental efficiency. Conclusions. Each type of constitution in the adolescent period of ontogenesis has individual typological characteristics of the morpho-functional and psychophysiological development of the organism.
Morphology. 2020;158(4-5):87-92
87-92
HUMAN PELVIS BUTTRESS SYSTEM AND THE ROLE OF SKELETAL MUSCLES IN ITS FORMATION (REVIEW ARTICLE)
Abstract
In connection with the vertical position of the body, such mechanical forces as body weight, viscera, intra-abdominal pressure, traction of muscles, tendons and ligament apparatus act on the human pelvis. The bone structures - the internal plates of the spongy substance and the end plates of the compact substance, the highest concentration of which occurs at the sites of compression and tension - are modeled under the influence of these forces. The aforementioned places of increased bone density in the composition of the bone pelvis are its buttresses. The connecting foundation of the buttress system of the pelvis is the sacrum, perceiving the effects of mechanical forces and transmitting them to the pelvic bones. The authors distinguished the following bone buttresses: 1 - lumbo-sacral-iliac-femoral; 2 - lumbo-sacral-iliac-sciatic; 3 - sacro-sciatic; 4 - sacro-femoral; 5 - sacro-iliac-pubical. It is necessary to consider buttresses of the pelvis from the position of arched structures, with the obligatory interaction of the contralateral sides. Arched structures formed by the lumbo-sacral-iliac-femoral, sacro-femoral and sacro-iliac-pubic buttresses function when the body is in vertical position, and the lumbo-sacral-iliac-sciatic and sacroiliac buttresses when the body is in seated position. Skeletal muscles attached to the bones of the pelvis also play an important role in the formation and maintenance of bone buttresses. They not only change its bone structure, but during their contraction also transmit tension to other bones, forming muscle buttress systems. In the work, the presence of the following musculoskeletal buttresses is proved: 1 - the external and internal ileo-femoral; 2 - external and internal obturator-femoral; 3 - pubic-sciaticfemoral-tibial; 4 - sciatic-tibial-fibular buttresses. It is shown that the pelvis is the most important part of the human musculoskeletal system and the stabilization ring for the free lower limb.
Morphology. 2020;158(4-5):93-100
93-100
National histologists, cytologists and embryologists during the Great Patriotic War (to the 75th anniversary of Victory)
Morphology. 2020;158(4-5):101-108
101-108
BIOMECHANICS OF MOBILITY OF THE RIBS IN RESPIRATORY EXCURSIONS OF THE CHEST
Abstract
Objective - to solve the problem of the biomechanics of the mobility of the ribs during thoracic respiratory excursion and the possibility of participation of the so-called mm. levatores costarum in these movements. In most modern anatomy guidelines, the function of these muscles is covered according to their name. However, in earlier works doubts were expressed about the involvement of these muscles in lifting the ribs. Both true and false ribs can neither raise nor lower during respiratory excursions of the chest due to the anatomical and biomechanical properties of their articulations in the chest. During chest expansion and compression, the ribs constantly maintain their original position relative to the vertebral column, to which each rib is fixed by tight joints at two points. Therefore, the only possible movement is rotation of the ribs around oblique axis passing along the rib neck. The curved shape of the ribs is responsible for the change in space position of the body and the sternal end of the ribs during their rotation. As far as the name mm. levatores costarum do not correspond to their function as lifters and even as rotators of ribs, it seems justified to change their nomenclature name. Based on the real anatomical and biomechanical peculiarities of these muscles, they should be ranked with the muscles which are responsible for rotation and extension of the spinal column. The name costotransverse muscles (mm. costotransversales) are more applicable for these muscles. This name reflects their most likely function as rotators and extensors of the spinal column in the thoracic region.
Morphology. 2020;158(4-5):109-115
109-115
MNEMONIChESKOE OBUChENIE ANATOMII ChELOVEKA STUDENTOV S ISKhODNYM NIZKIM UROVNEM ZAPOMINANIYa
Morphology. 2020;158(4-5):116-119
116-119
Retsenziya na knigu: N. T. Alekseeva, D. A. Sokolov, A. G. Kvaratskheliya, Zh. A. Anokhina, A. M. Karandeeva. Kafedra normal'noy anatomii cheloveka ot istokov do nashikh dney. Pod red. I. E. Esaulenko. M.: Nauchnaya kniga, 2019. 182 s
Morphology. 2020;158(4-5):120-121
120-121
Irina Alekseevna ODINTsOVA (k 60-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya)
Morphology. 2020;158(4-5):122-123
122-123
Valentin Ivanovich KOZLOV (k 80-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya)
Morphology. 2020;158(4-5):123-125
123-125
Vagif Bilas ogly ShADLINSKIY (k 80-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya)
Morphology. 2020;158(4-5):125-126
125-126
Aleksandr Abramovich STADNIKOV (k 75-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya)
Morphology. 2020;158(4-5):127-128
127-128
Nikolay Nikolaevich ShEVLYuK (k 70-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya)
Morphology. 2020;158(4-5):129-130
129-130
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