Vol 156, No 4 (2019)

Objective - to study the projections from the individual subregions of the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) to the functionally different regions of the basal nuclei of dog forebrain. Material and methods. Using the method based on the retrograde axonal transport of the horseradish peroxidase (HRP), which was injected in the functionally different regions of the basal nuclei of the 43 outbred dogs, the spatial organization of the projections to these structures from different parts of the DRN was studied. Forty-eight hours after cerebral perfusion fixation, HRP was histochemically revealed in the DRN neurons on the serial coronal brain sections using tetramethylbenzidine. The number of the labeled neurons was counted under a microscope in each of studied parts, which were identified on the serial coronal toluidine- stained sections of celloidin-embedded brain. Results. The spatial organization of the projections to the functionally different segments of the basal nuclei from the individual functionally different parts of the DRN was studied in dogs by the method based on the retrograde axonal transport of HRP. The peculiarities of the topography of projection connections were revealed, indicating the possibility of segregated conduction of information from the dorsal part of the DRN, which has connections with the limbic structures, to the limbic subdomains of striatum. Observed in the entopeduncular nucleus, ventral pallidum, deep mesencephalic nucleus and medial portion of pedunculopontine nucleus overlapping of the terminal fields of neurons from all parts of DRN, receiving and transmitting functionally different information to the basal nuclei and associated structures, indicate its possible integration in these nuclei. In fact, the structural basis of information processing in the morpho-functional system of basal nuclei was analyzed. Conclusions. The presented data on the topographic organization of the projections directed to the functionally different regions of basal nuclei from various parts of DRN indicate the possibility of the influence of different parts of DRN on a wide range of behavioral and physiological processes in which basal nuclei are involved. The revealed system of connections participates in carrying the information, its integration in the morpho-functional system of basal nuclei, and serves as a structural basis for understanding of the mechanisms of their functioning in normal and pathological conditions.

Objective - to study the features of neocortex neuronal and glial reaction to chronic hyperglycemia and insulin resistance in rats with the metabolic syndrome (MS) induced by a high calorie diet. Material and methods. The study was performed on male Wistar rats (20 animals). The ultrastructure of I-VI layers of sensorimotor cortex of rats with MS induced by a 15 weeks high-calorie diet was studied by means of electron microscopy. The ultrastructural analysis of neurons and glial cells was carried out and the number of the neuron-neuron, neuron-glia and neuro-vascular contacts was counted. Results. In case of MS, a 13 % decrease in the proportion of normochromic neurons and a 5-fold increase in the proportion of apoptotic neurons were shown; the number of neuron-neuron contacts increased 1,5 times and the number of the neuro-vascular contacts increased 2,3 times compared with the control. The number of contacts of normochromic neurons with both hyperchromic neurons and hyperchromic glia increased in MS-rats, and polymorphic structural changes in the myelin sheaths were observed. Conclusions. In rats with metabolic syndrome induced by a high-calorie diet, the adverse ultrastructural changes in neurons and glial cells, and in neuron-neuron, neuron-glia and neurovascular contacts in the rat sensorimotor cortex were observed. It is assumed that these changes occur due to angiopathic hypoxia in conditions of systemic insulin resistance and hyperglycemia.

Objective - to study the effect of ascorbic acid (AA) on the structure of the caudate nucleus and motor cortex in guinea pigs after modeling of the abdominal wall wound. Material and methods. The work was performed on histological sections of brain tissue obtained from the area of the caudate nucleus and motor cortex of 13 guinea pigs after 14 days of subcutaneous administration of a 5 % ascorbic acid solution and modeling of an abdominal wall wound. The sizes of neuronal nuclei and perikarya, the density of neurons, the area and the density of blood vessels were estimated on the paraffin sections stained with cresyl violet acetate. Results. Treatment with AA led to an increase in the area of blood vessels in the caudate nucleus and to an increase in the size of neuronal perikarya in different cytoarchitectonic layers of the motor cortex. Modeling of the wound process led to the reduction of metabolic activity of neurons in the studied structures and to the deterioration of blood supply in the caudate nucleus. Treatment of animals with AA within 7 days before and 7 days after the operation was not able to ameliorate these effects completely. Conclusions. The study demonstrated that subcutaneous administration of a 5 % solution of ascorbic acid to a certain extent helps to increase the metabolic activity of motor cortex neurons and to improve the blood supply to the caudate nucleus in guinea pigs.

Objective - to study the quantitative content of lymphoid structures of the small intestine of 8-month-old rats in health and chronic radiation sickness. Material and methods. The study was performed on 40 outbred albino male rats, weighing from 210 to 280 g. To induce chronic radiation sickness, rats were irradiated. The values of the standard deviation and the representativeness error were determined by mathematical processing. Results. When chronic radiation sickness was induced in rats in the experiment, a significant decrease in the number of aggregated lymphoid nodules (ALN) was found on the 240th day in irradiated rats compared with intact animals. A comparison of the morphological changes in the lymphoid formations of different parts of the small intestine was carried out in health and chronic radiation sickness. Conclusions. It was established that the functional activity of the lymphoid tissue of the intestine decreased after chronic exposure to radiation.

Objective - to study the content of endocrine cells of intestinal mucosal epithelium in rats receiving different doses of melatonin. Material and methods. The number of argyrophilic, argentaffine, and serotonin-immunoreactive epithelial cells of duodenum, colon and rectum was studied in 30 Wistar rats, divided into 3 subgroups treated with 1, 20 and 100 therapeutic doses of melatonin. Results. It was found that the injection of different doses of melatonin caused increase in the number of argyrophilic, argentaffine, and serotonin-immunoreactive cells in the studied parts of intestine. The changes in the intestinal wall were revealed: a shortening of duodenum villi and colons folds, an increase of the depth of rectal crypts. Conclusion. The detected changes indicate the development of an adaptive reaction of the epithelium, including endocrine cells, to the experimental injection of melatonin.

Оbjective - to study the structural changes in the kidney, depending on the duration of light desynchronization of biological rhythms in the experiment. Material and methods. Using the Light Light model, the effect of light desynchronosis on the morpho-functional state of the kidney tissues was studied in albino outbred male rats on the 1st, 10th and 21st day of the experiment. The concentration of catecholamines was studied in blood smears prepared according to the method proposed by A. I. Mardar and D. P. Kladien ko. Results. Under the influence of light desynchronosis, there was a progressive reduction of the area of the glomerulus and expansion of the lumen of the glomerular capsule in cortical nephrons, which were caused by spasm of the feeding vessels due to an increase in the concentration of catecholamines. On the 21st day of the experiment, there was a dilation of both proximal and distal segments of renal tubules, and massive death of epithelial cells was observed. In the renal medulla, interstitial edema and dilation of the lumen of the collecting renal tubules were found. Conclusions. The revealed structural and functional changes in kidney indicate a negative effect of light desynchronosis and allow to attribute it to risk factors for the development of kidney pathology.

Objective - to study the efficiency of the local bioimpedance analysis for the assessment of subcutaneous and visceral fat deposition in the abdominal region in university students using domestic bioimpedance equipment. Material and methods. Cross-sectional clinical epidemiological study of 103 medical students of the Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (42 males and 61 females) aged 19-34 was conducted. Bioelectrical impedance analysis was applied using a conventional whole-body «wrist-to-ankle» measurement configuration and two local measurement configurations in the abdominal region for the assessment of subcutaneous and visceral fat according to Scharfetter et al. (2001) and Ryo et al. (2005), respectively. The majority of the study subjects (68,9 %) were within the normal BMI range. Results. Maximal correlations of the skinfold thickness with local resistance parameters (Spearman rho=0,90 for males, 0,88 for females) were higher than with the waist circumference, body mass index and bioimpedance body composition estimates (0,85 for males, 0,77 for females). Conclusions. Our results demonstrate possibility of more accurate, as compared with the conventional markers of body fatness, assessment of subcutaneous fat using local bioimpedance measurement. Combined use of the reference method (e. g., computed tomography) and bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy is necessary to evaluate an effectiveness of the visceral fat assessment, to check and refine the respective predictive formulae, and to optimize measurement frequency range.

Objective - to study the effect of single intravenous injection of suspension of chitosan-modified magnetic nanospheres on rat erythropoiesis. Material and methods. Smears of rat bone marrow were examined at 1, 7, 14, 21, 40, 60, 90, and 120 days after intravenous injection of magnetic nanospheres. Results. Injection of chitosan-modified magnetic nanospheres suspension provoke no change the morphology of the blood cells, and cause reversible decrease in erythroid maturation ratio and an increase in myelo-erythroid ratio. Conclusions. Injection of chitosan-modified magnetic nanospheres suspension cause reversible changes in rat erythropoiesis.

The review summarizes for the first time the literature of the last decade describing cytoarchitectonics, neural organization, electron-microscopic characteristics of the neurons of the medial nucleus (ME) of the corpus amygdaloides (CA), and the representation of neurotransmitter systems in it. The data are provided that indicate the involvement of ME in functional processes associated with instinctive behavior - feeding, aggressive-defensive and reproductive, which are implemented with the participation of the hypothalamus. The data on the genoarchitecture of the nucleus shows that ME is formed as a derivative of subpallial (anterior peduncular region), pallial (ventral pallium) and extratelenthephalic (preoptic region) progenitor domains. The multiplicity of and differences in the histogenetic domains involved in the formation of ME give evidence of complex multi-stage rearrangements that occurred in CA during the evolution of the brain.