Vol 154, No 6 (2018)

Objective -to identify specific features of metorisis in the formation of the stratified epithelium of organs of the anterior part of the digestive canal and the role of the human’s embryo Rathke’s pouch (RP) in this process. Materials and methods. One hundred and twenty-seven human embryos were studied at Carnegie stages (CS) 12-23 (25-57 days after fertilization - 5 embryos per CS). The special characteristics of morphogenesis of pharyngeal gut epithelia were studied by means of electron microscopy and by light microscopy on Mayer’s hematoxylin-eosin stained paraffin sections and after McManus Periodic acid Schiff reaction. Results. Stomodeal epithelium moved along the front wall and the bottom of the RP to the back wall, from which it spread into the pharyngeal cavity. Conclusions. The simple isomorphic epithelium is transformed into anisomorphic epithelia (pseudostratified, stratified squamous non-keratinized) due to apoptosis activation and formation of epitheliocytes of the qualitatively new generation.

Objective - to study morphological and morphometric indicators of organogenesis divergence phenomenon on the example of the development of provisional organs of the urinary system, healing of skin wound and in conditions of implantation growth. Materials and methods. Morphogenesis of mesonephros and mesonephrons was studied in 118 human embryos, 28 human fetuses and 268 chicken embryos using light microscopy, immunohistochemistry and morphometry. Reparative skin regeneration after thermal and chemical burns was analyzed in 55 outbred male mice weighting 25-30 g. The variants of conjunctival epithelial organotypical “in vivo” culture growth was investigated in 24 implants obtained from 12 male сhinchilla rabbits aged 3 month. Results. It was shown, that the divergence of organogenesis was based on active migration of cells from various human differons, cell cooperation, apoptosis, and tissues and organotypic structures formation. We identified specific features of formation of three types of mesonephrons, skin wound healing according to “skin” or “dermal” types, epidermal epithelium organotypic growth in the implants: formation of stratified sheet or stratified sheet with submerged growth followed by differentiation to excretory ducts and secretory portions of the lacrimal glands. Conclusions. The divergence is realized at the provisional stage of organogenesis. The provisional stage is an “equilibrium point” and a critical period of morphogenesis.

Objective - to find out the age and ecological-typological variability in the somatotype of women living in the Middle Ob region. Material and methods. A total of 231 Russian women aged 21-55 years were surveyed that belonged to the third generation of Middle Ob region residents. The integrative anthropometric analysis allowed to comprehensively characterize women`s morphotypologic features and to identify their individual-typological characteristics. We used a methodological approach recommended by the I. A. Balandina, A. V. Bykov and A. P. Gariaev (2012). Results. The morphotype of Middle Ob region women was found to be age-specific and have individual characteristics. Adaptation to harsh North environment led to the significant increase in the chest size, shoulder and pelvic width. The proportionality and body build indices had the maximum values, especially in the hypersthenic women and women aged 36-55 years. The physical maturity indices demonstrated that high energy consumption and resistance to low temperatures are the characteristics of the hypersthenic women. Conclusions. The study showed that in the Middle Ob region hypersthenic type of сonstitution in women defined high adaptability to harsh environmental conditions.

Objective - to study the developmental characteristics of children of low-numbered peoples of the North. Material and methods. The study included 677 children of low-numbered peoples of the North aged 11-18 years. A comprehensive research program included anthropometric and anthropological methods to examine the physical development of children who have different rates of motor activity. Anthropometric measurements and evaluation of somatotype were carried out according to the procedure developed by B. A. Nikityuk (1991). Results. It was found that the speed of body growth processes was influenced by genetic factors and living conditions. The optimal body constitution formation, active increase in chest circumference, higher body density and enhanced index of physical maturity were observed in athlete children. The study demonstrated the ontogenetic characteristics of North children` physical development that increased their tolerance to severe environment. Conclusions. The study showed high efficiency of the anatomical-anthropometric approach for the assessment of health and physical development of the children of low-numbered peoples of the North who have different rates of motor activity.

Objective - to study the somatotype ratio in groups with different levels of regular locomotor activity (RLA) at various stages of ontogenesis and to provide rationale for intragroup variability of their functional characteristics. Materials and methods. Preschool, junior school-age boys and teenagers which all live in Tyumen were enrolled in the study. The functional typology was defined according to the three-component pattern of RLA level. The following methods were used: pedometry and keeping a physical activity’s diary to define the individual volume of RLA; anthropometric measures, growth charts to estimate body proportions; somatotype estimation according to V. G. Shtefko and A. D. Ostrovskiy method. Heart rate, blood pressure, level of physical performance, vegetative system status were measured at rest with an assessment of regulatory mechanisms’ tension level (cardiointervalography, clino-orthostatic testing). Results. In senior preschool children, junior school-age children and youths, in groups with different RLA levels (low - LRLA, medium - MRLA, and high - HRLA) the individuals with various somatotypes were represented. In addition, considering typical RLA in every somatotype, three functional clusters (FC) were distinguished (FC-1 - LRLA, FC-2 - MRLA, FC-3 - HRLA) according to parameters of the cardiovascular system, physical performance, vegetative reactivity, which characterizes the intragroup variability of their functional properties. Conclusions. High adaptive lability of physiological systems compared with the morphological component determines the qualitative heterogeneity of somatotypes in each group of boys and youths with different levels of RLA and variability of their functional characteristics.

Objective - to perform a comparative analysis of the characteristics of microstructures of phylogenetically diverse rat amygdala formations at various time points of the early juvenile period. Material and methods. The work was performed on 40 Wistar rats. The brain was examined on 21-, 24-, 28- and 31 day of the postnatal period (for each time point, material was obtained from 5 males and 5 females). The specific surface areas of paleoamygdala and basolateral amygdaloid nucleus were calculated on the paraffin frontal sections (20 μm thick) stained with cresyl violet according to the Nissl method. Comparison of the quantita tive data for various age groups was carried out by φ method or using the parametric statistical approaches. Results. In rats, no changes in the specific surface area of rat basolateral amygdaloid nucleus (a phylogenetically new structure) and amygdala were observed from 21 to 28 days of the postnatal period. However, it was increased by the end of the early juvenile period, between Days 28 and 31 of postnatal ontogenesis. The paleoamygdala specific surface area remained unchanged during the early juvenile period. Conclusions. The increase in the rat amygdala size during the postnatal ontogenesis is due to the progressive development of its phylogenetically young structures that have strong connections with the neocortex.

Objective - to study the width of the precentral gyrus of mesocephalic males using X-ray computed tomography (CT). Materials and methods. An analysis of the results of CT studies was performed using the scans obtained from 55 mesocranial mesocephalic right-handed males aged between 22 and 35 years without the history of diseases and traumatic injuries of the central and peripheral nervous system. The width of the precentral gyrus was measured in three regions: above the superior temporal gyrus, at the middle frontal gyrus level, and above the cingulate gyrus. Results. The precentral gyrus was found to reach the maximum width in the region above the superior temporal gyrus. The minimal width was detected above the cingulate gyrus. Conclusions. The comparative study of the precentral gyrus width detected statistically insignificant differences between the hemispheres with a tendency for the reduction of all the parameters in the right hemisphere as compared to the left one.

Objective -to study the effect of metabolites from the culture of Bacillus subtilis 804 on the reparative histogenesis in rats during the healing of deep linear skin wounds. Materials and methods. Linear 3.0 cm-long full thickness (extending to the hypodermis) skin wounds were inflicted to 40 Wistar rats. In the experimental group, the wounds were irrigated with a solution of the metabolites of Bacillus subtilis 804 culture, while in the control group they were treated with NaCl isotonic solution. Histochemical and morphometric methods were applied; at Days 3, 7 and 11 the microvessel, collagen fiber, amorphous substance, epidermal and dermal cell volume density was measured. Results. In the experimental group, the earlier migration of macrophages to the damaged region was observed, as well as accelerated proliferation and differentiation of epithelial cells and fibroblasts, accompanied by replacement of type III collagen by type I. Conclusions. Metabolites of Bacillus subtilis 804 optimize the functions of effector cells of the reparative process, which promote the accelerated wound healing.

Objective - to study the histological organization of the membranous part of the trachea in dogs of decorative breeds. Materials and methods. Membranous part of the trachea was studied on 15 tracheal samples obtained from intact dogs of the Yorkshire Terrier and Spitz breeds, which died from the diseases not associated with the pathology of the respiratory system. Fivemicrometer-thick paraffin sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and with Van Gieson. Results. It was found that normally in dogs of decorative breeds the membranous portion of the trachea consisted of three tunics: mucosa, fibro-muscular tunic and adventitia. Mucosal epithelium was represented by simple pseudostratified cuboidal epithelium with a weakly developed ciliary apparatus and single goblet cells. The middle tunic consisted of the interwoven circular bands of smooth muscle cells which were bound together with dense fibrous connective tissue made mainly of collagen and a small number of elastic fibers. Conclusions. The mucous membrane of the membranous part of the trachea does not participate in the conditioning of the incoming air. The damage of elastic scaffold of the middle tunic may result in its disorganization and become a prerequisite for the development of the tracheal collapse.